Excavata
Taxonavigation
editSuperregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Protozoa
Subregnum: Eozoa
Infraregnum: Excavata
Phyla: Loukozoa – Metamonada – Percolozoa
Name
editExcavata Cavalier-Smith, 2002
References
edit- Cavalier-Smith, T. 2003. Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa, Europ. J. Protistol. 39, 338-348.
- Simpson, A.G.B.; Lang, B.F.; Dacks, J.B.; Leigh, J.W.; Hug, L.; Roger, A.J.; Hampl, V. 2009. Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups". PNAS, 106: 3859–3864.
Links
editVernacular names
editfrançais: Excavates, excavés
中文: 古虫下界
Alternative classifications
editSimpson & Patterson (1999)
editSimpson, A. G. B. & Patterson, D. J. 1999. The ultrastructure of Carpediemonas membranifera (Eukaryota) with reference to the excavate hypothesis. Europ. J. Protistol., 35:353-370, [1].
- Heterolobosea
- diplomonads
- retortamonads
- core jakobids (Jakoba, Reclinomonas, Histiona )
- Malawimonas
- Trimastix
- Carpediemonas
Cavalier-Smith (2002)
editCavalier-Smith, T 2002: The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 52:297-354.
In Kingdom Protozoa, Subkingdom Corticata
Infrakingdom Excavata infraregnum nov.
- Superphylum Loukozoa
- Phylum Loukozoa
- Superphylum Discicristata
- Phylum Percolozoa
- Phylum Euglenozoa
- Superphylum Archezoa
- Phylum Metamonada
- Phylum Parabasalia
Cavalier-Smith (2003)
editCavalier-Smith, T. (2003). The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53(6), 1741-1758, [2].
- Infrakingdom Excavata
- Superphylum 1. Eozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 emend. 1999 stat. nov.
- Phylum 1. Loukozoa* Cavalier-Smith 1999 emend.
- Class 1. Jakobea Cavalier-Smith 1999 [Once also included Discocelida (Cavalier-Smith, 1997), but molecular data are needed to determine whether this is correct.]
- Order Jakobida Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Families Histionidae Flavin & Nerad 1993 (Reclinomonas, Histiona), Jakobidae Patterson 1990 (Jakoba)
- Order Jakobida Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Class 2. Malawimonadea classis nov.
- Order Malawimonadida ord. nov. (Malawimonas)
- Class 1. Jakobea Cavalier-Smith 1999 [Once also included Discocelida (Cavalier-Smith, 1997), but molecular data are needed to determine whether this is correct.]
- Phylum 2. Metamonada Grassé 1952 stat. nov. emend.
- Subphylum 1. Anaeromonada Cavalier-Smith 1996/7
- Class Anaeromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 emend. 1999
- Order 1. Trimastigida ord. nov. (Trimastix)
- Order 2. Oxymonadida Grassé 1952 emend. auct. (e.g. Pyrsonympha, Dinenympha)
- Class Anaeromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 emend. 1999
- Subphylum 2. Trichozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 stat. nov. emend.
- Superclass 1. Parabasalia Honigberg 1973 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Trichomonadea Kirby 1947 stat. nov. Margulis 1974 emend.
- Order 1. Trichomonadida Kirby 1947 (e.g. Trichomonas, Calonympha)
- Order 2. Lophomonadida Light 1927 (e.g. Lophomonas, Microjoenia)
- Order 3. Spirotrichonymphida Grassé 1952 (e.g. Spirotrichonympha, Holomastigoides)
- Class 2. Trichonymphea classis nov.
- Order Trichonymphida Poche 1913 (e.g. Trichonympha)
- Class 1. Trichomonadea Kirby 1947 stat. nov. Margulis 1974 emend.
- Superclass 2. Carpediemonadia superclassis nov.
- Class Carpediemonadea classis nov.
- Order Carpediemonadida ord. nov. (Carpediemonas)
- Class Carpediemonadea classis nov.
- Superclass 3. Eopharyngia Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Trepomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subclass 1. Diplozoa Dangeard 1910 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (diplomonads)
- Order 1. Distomatida Klebs 1892 (Trepomonas, Hexamita, Spironucleus)
- Order 2. Giardiida Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Giardia, Octomitus)
- Subclass 2. Enteromonadia (enteromonads) Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Order Enteromonadida Brugerolle 1975 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Enteromonas)
- Subclass 1. Diplozoa Dangeard 1910 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (diplomonads)
- Class 2. Retortamonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order Retortamonadida Grassé 1952 (e.g. Retortamonas, Chilomastix)
- Class 1. Trepomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Superclass 1. Parabasalia Honigberg 1973 stat. nov.
- Subphylum 1. Anaeromonada Cavalier-Smith 1996/7
- Phylum 1. Loukozoa* Cavalier-Smith 1999 emend.
- Superphylum 2. Discicristata Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Phylum 1. Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991
- Class 1. Heterolobosea Page & Blanton 1985
- Order 1. Schizopyrenida Singh 1952 (e.g. Naegleria, Tetramitus, Vahlkampfia)
- Order 2. Acrasida Shröter 1886 emend. Page & Blanton 1985 (e.g. Acrasis)
- Order 3. Lyromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Lyromonas, Psalteriomonas)
- Class 2. Percolatea classis nov.
- Order 1. Percolomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Percolomonas)
- Order 2. Pseudociliatida Corliss & Lipscomb 1982 (Stephanopogon)
- Class 1. Heterolobosea Page & Blanton 1985
- Phylum 2. Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981
- Subphylum 1. Plicostoma Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Class 1. Euglenoidea Bütschli 1884
- Order 1. Petalomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (bacteria-eaters, e.g. Petalomonas, Calycimonas)
- Order 2. Peranemida Bütschli 1884 (eukaryote-eaters with complex vane/rod ingestion apparatus, e.g. Peranema, Entosiphon)
- Order 3. Rhabdomonadida Leedale 1967 emend. (saprotrophs, e.g. Menoidium, Rhabdomonas, Distigma)
- Order 4. Euglenida Bütschli 1884 (plastid-bearing, mostly photosynthetic, e.g. Euglena, Astasia, Eutreptia, Phacus, Trachelomonas)
- Class 2. Diplonemea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order Diplonemida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Diplonema, Rhynchopus)
- Class 1. Euglenoidea Bütschli 1884
- Subphylum 2. Saccostoma Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Class 1. Kinetoplastea Honigberg 1963 stat. nov. Margulis 1974
- Order 1. Bodonida* Hollande 1952 (e.g. Bodo, Rhynchomonas, Cryptobia, Dimastigella, Ichthyobodo, Trypanoplasma)
- Order 2. Trypanosomatida Kent 1880 stat. nov. Hollande 1952 (e.g. Trypanosoma, Crithidia, Leishmania, Herpetomonas)
- Class 2. Postgaardea Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Order Postgaardida ord. nov. Diagnosis: mitochondria without kinetoplast or cristae (Postgaardi, Calkinsia)
- Class 1. Kinetoplastea Honigberg 1963 stat. nov. Margulis 1974
- Subphylum 1. Plicostoma Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Phylum 1. Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991
- Superphylum 1. Eozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 emend. 1999 stat. nov.
- Protozoa incertae sedis
- Phylum Apusozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 stat nov. 2003 emend.
- Class 1. Diphyllatea classis nov.
- Order Diphylleida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Diphylleia, Collodictyon)
- Class 2. Thecomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov. 1995
- Order 1. Apusomonadida Karpov & Mylnikov 1989 (Amastigomonas, Apusomonas)
- Order 2. Ancyromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1998 (Ancyromonas)
- Order 3. Hemimastigida Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 (e.g. Hemimastix, Spironema)
- Class 1. Diphyllatea classis nov.
- Phylum Apusozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 stat nov. 2003 emend.
[*Probably paraphyletic.]
Simpson (2003)
editSimpson A.G.B. 2003: Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities, and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota). Int J Syst Evol Micr 53: 1759–1777, [3].
In Eukaryota
- Clade Excavata
Adl et al. (2012)
edit- Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page.
- Excavata Cavalier-Smith 2002, emend. Simpson 2003
- Metamonada Cavalier-Smith 1987 (= Metamonadina Grassé 1952), emend. Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Fornicata Simpson 2003
- Diplomonadida Wenyon 1926, emend. Brugerolle et al. 1975
- Hexamitinae Kent 1880, emend. Brugerolle et al. 1975
- Giardiinae Kulda and Nohýnková 1978
- Retortamonadida Grassé 1952
- ‘Carpediemonas-like organisms’ (Kolísko et al. 2010) (P)
- Diplomonadida Wenyon 1926, emend. Brugerolle et al. 1975
- Parabasalia Honigberg 1973
- Trichomonadea Kirby 1947, sensu Margulis 1974, emend. Čepička et al. 2010 (P?)
- Hypotrichomonadea Čepička et al. 2010
- Tritrichomonadea Čepička et al. 2010 (P?)
- Cristamonadea Brugerolle & Patterson 2001, sensu Čepička et al. 2010
- Trichonymphea Poche 1913, sensu Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Spirotrichonymphea Grassé 1952, sensu Čepička et al. 2010
- Preaxostyla Simpson 2003
- Oxymonadida Grassé 1952
- Trimastix Kent 1880
- Fornicata Simpson 2003
- Malawimonas O’Kelly & Nerad 1999
- Discoba Simpson in Hampl et al. 2009 (R)
- Jakobida Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Adl et al. 2005
- Jakoba Patterson 1990 (M)
- Histionidae Flavin & Nerad 1993
- Histiona, Reclinomonas
- Incertae sedis Histionidae: Stenocodon, Stomatochone
- Andalucia Lara et al. 2006
- Incertae sedis Jakobida: Seculamonas nomen nudum
- Discicristata Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Heterolobosea Page & Blanton 1985
- Pharyngomonadidae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Nikolaev 2008
- Tetramitia Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Nikolaev 2008 (= Vahlkampfiidae Jollos 1917)
- Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981, emend. Simpson 1997
- Euglenida Bütschli 1884, emend. Simpson 1997
- Heteronematina Leedale 1967 (P)
- Anisonema, Dinema, Entosiphon, Heteronema, Lentomonas, Metanema, Notosolenus, Peranema, Petalomonas, Ploeotia
- [Alternative classification of Heteronematina:
- Euglenophyceae Schoenichen 1925, emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003 (= Euglenea Bütschli 1884, emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002)
- Rapaza Yamaguchi et al. 2012 (M)
- Eutreptiales Leedale 1967, emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003
- Euglenea Bütschli 1884, emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002 [emend. Adl et al. 2012?] (= Euglenales Leedale 1967, emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003)
- Phacaceae Kim et al. 2010
- Euglenaceae Dujardin 1841, emend. Kim et al. 2010
- Aphagea Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002
- Astasia sensu stricto, Distigma, Distigmopsis, Menoidium, Rhabdomonas
- Heteronematina Leedale 1967 (P)
- Diplonemea Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Simpson 1997
- Symbiontida Yubuki et al. 2009
- Kinetoplastea Honigberg 1963
- Prokinetoplastina Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
- Metakinetoplastina Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
- Neobodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
- Node: Cruzella, Dimastigella, Neobodo, Rhynchobodo, Rhynchomonas. Other included genera: Actuariola.
- Parabodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
- Node: Cryptobia, Parabodo, Procryptobia, Trypanoplasma
- Eubodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
- Trypanosomatida Kent 1880, emend. Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004
- Node: Blastocrithidia, Crithidia, Herpetomonas, Leishmania, Leptomonas, Phytomonas, Rhynchoidomonas, Trypanosoma, Wallaceina. Other included genera: Angomonas, Sergeia, Strigomonas.
- Neobodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
- Incertae sedis Kinetoplastea: Bordnamonas, Cephalothamnium, Hemistasia
- Euglenida Bütschli 1884, emend. Simpson 1997
- Heterolobosea Page & Blanton 1985
- Tsukubamonas Yabuki et al. 2011
- Jakobida Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Adl et al. 2005
- Metamonada Cavalier-Smith 1987 (= Metamonadina Grassé 1952), emend. Cavalier-Smith 2003
[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]
Ruggiero et al. (2015)
editRuggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [4].
- Superkingdom Prokaryota
- Kingdom Archaea [= Archaebacteria]
- Kingdom Bacteria [= Eubacteria]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Protozoa
- Subkingdom Eozoa
- Infrakingdom Euglenozoa
- Infrakingdom Excavata
- Phylum Loukozoa
- Subphylum Eolouka
- Class Jakobea
- Order Jakobida
- Class Tsukubea
- Order Tsukubamonadida
- Class Jakobea
- Subphylum Neolouka
- Class Malawimonadea
- Order Malawimonadida
- Class Malawimonadea
- Subphylum Eolouka
- Phylum Metamonada
- Class Anaeromonadea
- Order Oxymonadida
- Order Trimastigida
- Class Carpomonadea
- Order Carpediemonadida
- Order Chilomastigida
- Order Dysnectida
- Class Eopharyngea
- Order Diplomonadida
- Order Retortamonadida
- Class Trichomonadea
- Order Cristamonadida
- Order Spirotrichonymphida
- Order Trichomonadida
- Order Tritrichomonadida
- Class Trichonymphea
- Order Lophomonadida
- Order Trichonymphida
- Class Anaeromonadea
- Phylum Percolozoa
- Subphylum Pharyngomonada
- Class Pharyngomonadea
- Order Pharyngomonadida
- Class Pharyngomonadea
- Subphylum Tetramitia
- Class Heterolobosea
- Order Acrasida
- Order Schizopyrenida
- Class Lyromonadea
- Order Lyromonadida
- Class Percolatea
- Order Percolomonadida
- Order Pseudociliatida
- Class Heterolobosea
- Subphylum Pharyngomonada
- Phylum Loukozoa
- Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
- Phylum Amoebozoa
- Phylum Choanozoa [with Microsporidia, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
- Phylum Microsporidia [with Choanozoa, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
- Phylum Sulcozoa
- Subkingdom Eozoa
- Kingdom Chromista
- Subkingdom Hacrobia
- Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
- Infrakingdom Halvaria
- Superphylum Alveolata
- Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
- Infrakingdom Rhizaria
- Infrakingdom Halvaria
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Protozoa