Excavata
Edit
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Protozoa
Subregnum: Eozoa
Infraregnum: Excavata
Phyla: Loukozoa – Metamonada – Percolozoa
Name Edit
Excavata Cavalier-Smith, 2002
Vernacular names Edit
français: Excavates, excavés
中文: 古虫下界
References Edit
- Cavalier-Smith, T. 2003. Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa, Europ. J. Protistol. 39, 338-348.
- Simpson, A.G.B.; Lang, B.F.; Dacks, J.B.; Leigh, J.W.; Hug, L.; Roger, A.J.; Hampl, V. 2009. Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups". PNAS, 106: 3859–3864.
Links Edit
Alternative classifications Edit
Simpson & Patterson (1999) Edit
Simpson, A. G. B. & Patterson, D. J. 1999. The ultrastructure of Carpediemonas membranifera (Eukaryota) with reference to the excavate hypothesis. Europ. J. Protistol., 35:353-370, [1].
- Heterolobosea
- diplomonads
- retortamonads
- core jakobids (Jakoba, Reclinomonas, Histiona )
- Malawimonas
- Trimastix
- Carpediemonas
Cavalier-Smith (2002) Edit
Cavalier-Smith, T 2002: The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 52:297-354.
In Kingdom Protozoa, Subkingdom Corticata
Infrakingdom Excavata infraregnum nov.
- Superphylum Loukozoa
- Phylum Loukozoa
- Superphylum Discicristata
- Phylum Percolozoa
- Phylum Euglenozoa
- Superphylum Archezoa
- Phylum Metamonada
- Phylum Parabasalia
Cavalier-Smith (2003) Edit
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2003). The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53(6), 1741-1758, [2].
- Infrakingdom Excavata
- Superphylum 1. Eozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 emend. 1999 stat. nov.
- Phylum 1. Loukozoa* Cavalier-Smith 1999 emend.
- Class 1. Jakobea Cavalier-Smith 1999 [Once also included Discocelida (Cavalier-Smith, 1997), but molecular data are needed to determine whether this is correct.]
- Order Jakobida Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Families Histionidae Flavin & Nerad 1993 (Reclinomonas, Histiona), Jakobidae Patterson 1990 (Jakoba)
- Order Jakobida Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Class 2. Malawimonadea classis nov.
- Order Malawimonadida ord. nov. (Malawimonas)
- Class 1. Jakobea Cavalier-Smith 1999 [Once also included Discocelida (Cavalier-Smith, 1997), but molecular data are needed to determine whether this is correct.]
- Phylum 2. Metamonada Grassé 1952 stat. nov. emend.
- Subphylum 1. Anaeromonada Cavalier-Smith 1996/7
- Class Anaeromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 emend. 1999
- Order 1. Trimastigida ord. nov. (Trimastix)
- Order 2. Oxymonadida Grassé 1952 emend. auct. (e.g. Pyrsonympha, Dinenympha)
- Class Anaeromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 emend. 1999
- Subphylum 2. Trichozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 stat. nov. emend.
- Superclass 1. Parabasalia Honigberg 1973 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Trichomonadea Kirby 1947 stat. nov. Margulis 1974 emend.
- Order 1. Trichomonadida Kirby 1947 (e.g. Trichomonas, Calonympha)
- Order 2. Lophomonadida Light 1927 (e.g. Lophomonas, Microjoenia)
- Order 3. Spirotrichonymphida Grassé 1952 (e.g. Spirotrichonympha, Holomastigoides)
- Class 2. Trichonymphea classis nov.
- Order Trichonymphida Poche 1913 (e.g. Trichonympha)
- Class 1. Trichomonadea Kirby 1947 stat. nov. Margulis 1974 emend.
- Superclass 2. Carpediemonadia superclassis nov.
- Class Carpediemonadea classis nov.
- Order Carpediemonadida ord. nov. (Carpediemonas)
- Class Carpediemonadea classis nov.
- Superclass 3. Eopharyngia Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Trepomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subclass 1. Diplozoa Dangeard 1910 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (diplomonads)
- Order 1. Distomatida Klebs 1892 (Trepomonas, Hexamita, Spironucleus)
- Order 2. Giardiida Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Giardia, Octomitus)
- Subclass 2. Enteromonadia (enteromonads) Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Order Enteromonadida Brugerolle 1975 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Enteromonas)
- Subclass 1. Diplozoa Dangeard 1910 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (diplomonads)
- Class 2. Retortamonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order Retortamonadida Grassé 1952 (e.g. Retortamonas, Chilomastix)
- Class 1. Trepomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Superclass 1. Parabasalia Honigberg 1973 stat. nov.
- Subphylum 1. Anaeromonada Cavalier-Smith 1996/7
- Phylum 1. Loukozoa* Cavalier-Smith 1999 emend.
- Superphylum 2. Discicristata Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Phylum 1. Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991
- Class 1. Heterolobosea Page & Blanton 1985
- Order 1. Schizopyrenida Singh 1952 (e.g. Naegleria, Tetramitus, Vahlkampfia)
- Order 2. Acrasida Shröter 1886 emend. Page & Blanton 1985 (e.g. Acrasis)
- Order 3. Lyromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Lyromonas, Psalteriomonas)
- Class 2. Percolatea classis nov.
- Order 1. Percolomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Percolomonas)
- Order 2. Pseudociliatida Corliss & Lipscomb 1982 (Stephanopogon)
- Class 1. Heterolobosea Page & Blanton 1985
- Phylum 2. Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981
- Subphylum 1. Plicostoma Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Class 1. Euglenoidea Bütschli 1884
- Order 1. Petalomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (bacteria-eaters, e.g. Petalomonas, Calycimonas)
- Order 2. Peranemida Bütschli 1884 (eukaryote-eaters with complex vane/rod ingestion apparatus, e.g. Peranema, Entosiphon)
- Order 3. Rhabdomonadida Leedale 1967 emend. (saprotrophs, e.g. Menoidium, Rhabdomonas, Distigma)
- Order 4. Euglenida Bütschli 1884 (plastid-bearing, mostly photosynthetic, e.g. Euglena, Astasia, Eutreptia, Phacus, Trachelomonas)
- Class 2. Diplonemea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order Diplonemida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Diplonema, Rhynchopus)
- Class 1. Euglenoidea Bütschli 1884
- Subphylum 2. Saccostoma Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Class 1. Kinetoplastea Honigberg 1963 stat. nov. Margulis 1974
- Order 1. Bodonida* Hollande 1952 (e.g. Bodo, Rhynchomonas, Cryptobia, Dimastigella, Ichthyobodo, Trypanoplasma)
- Order 2. Trypanosomatida Kent 1880 stat. nov. Hollande 1952 (e.g. Trypanosoma, Crithidia, Leishmania, Herpetomonas)
- Class 2. Postgaardea Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Order Postgaardida ord. nov. Diagnosis: mitochondria without kinetoplast or cristae (Postgaardi, Calkinsia)
- Class 1. Kinetoplastea Honigberg 1963 stat. nov. Margulis 1974
- Subphylum 1. Plicostoma Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Phylum 1. Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991
- Superphylum 1. Eozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 emend. 1999 stat. nov.
- Protozoa incertae sedis
- Phylum Apusozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 stat nov. 2003 emend.
- Class 1. Diphyllatea classis nov.
- Order Diphylleida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Diphylleia, Collodictyon)
- Class 2. Thecomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov. 1995
- Order 1. Apusomonadida Karpov & Mylnikov 1989 (Amastigomonas, Apusomonas)
- Order 2. Ancyromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1998 (Ancyromonas)
- Order 3. Hemimastigida Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 (e.g. Hemimastix, Spironema)
- Class 1. Diphyllatea classis nov.
- Phylum Apusozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 stat nov. 2003 emend.
[*Probably paraphyletic.]
Simpson (2003) Edit
Simpson A.G.B. 2003: Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities, and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota). Int J Syst Evol Micr 53: 1759–1777, [3].
In Eukaryota
- Clade Excavata
Adl et al. (2012) Edit
Adl, S. M., Simpson, A. G. B., Lane, C. E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S. S., Brown, M. W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., le Gall, L., Lynn, D. H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E. A. D., Mozley-Stanridge, S. E., Parfrey, L. W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C. L., Smirnov, A. and Spiegel, F. W. (2012), The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 59: 429–514. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x, [4].
- Excavata Cavalier-Smith 2002, emend. Simpson 2003
- Metamonada Cavalier-Smith 1987 (= Metamonadina Grassé 1952), emend. Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Fornicata Simpson 2003
- Diplomonadida Wenyon 1926, emend. Brugerolle et al. 1975
- Hexamitinae Kent 1880, emend. Brugerolle et al. 1975
- Giardiinae Kulda and Nohýnková 1978
- Retortamonadida Grassé 1952
- ‘Carpediemonas-like organisms’ (Kolísko et al. 2010) (P)
- Diplomonadida Wenyon 1926, emend. Brugerolle et al. 1975
- Parabasalia Honigberg 1973
- Trichomonadea Kirby 1947, sensu Margulis 1974, emend. Čepička et al. 2010 (P?)
- Hypotrichomonadea Čepička et al. 2010
- Tritrichomonadea Čepička et al. 2010 (P?)
- Cristamonadea Brugerolle & Patterson 2001, sensu Čepička et al. 2010
- Trichonymphea Poche 1913, sensu Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Spirotrichonymphea Grassé 1952, sensu Čepička et al. 2010
- Preaxostyla Simpson 2003
- Oxymonadida Grassé 1952
- Trimastix Kent 1880
- Fornicata Simpson 2003
- Malawimonas O’Kelly & Nerad 1999
- Discoba Simpson in Hampl et al. 2009 (R)
- Jakobida Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Adl et al. 2005
- Jakoba Patterson 1990 (M)
- Histionidae Flavin & Nerad 1993
- Histiona, Reclinomonas
- Incertae sedis Histionidae: Stenocodon, Stomatochone
- Andalucia Lara et al. 2006
- Incertae sedis Jakobida: Seculamonas nomen nudum
- Discicristata Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Heterolobosea Page & Blanton 1985
- Pharyngomonadidae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Nikolaev 2008
- Tetramitia Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Nikolaev 2008 (= Vahlkampfiidae Jollos 1917)
- Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981, emend. Simpson 1997
- Euglenida Bütschli 1884, emend. Simpson 1997
- Heteronematina Leedale 1967 (P)
- Anisonema, Dinema, Entosiphon, Heteronema, Lentomonas, Metanema, Notosolenus, Peranema, Petalomonas, Ploeotia
- [Alternative classification of Heteronematina:
- Euglenophyceae Schoenichen 1925, emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003 (= Euglenea Bütschli 1884, emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002)
- Rapaza Yamaguchi et al. 2012 (M)
- Eutreptiales Leedale 1967, emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003
- Euglenea Bütschli 1884, emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002 [emend. Adl et al. 2012?] (= Euglenales Leedale 1967, emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003)
- Phacaceae Kim et al. 2010
- Euglenaceae Dujardin 1841, emend. Kim et al. 2010
- Aphagea Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002
- Astasia sensu stricto, Distigma, Distigmopsis, Menoidium, Rhabdomonas
- Heteronematina Leedale 1967 (P)
- Diplonemea Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Simpson 1997
- Symbiontida Yubuki et al. 2009
- Kinetoplastea Honigberg 1963
- Prokinetoplastina Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
- Metakinetoplastina Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
- Neobodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
- Node: Cruzella, Dimastigella, Neobodo, Rhynchobodo, Rhynchomonas. Other included genera: Actuariola.
- Parabodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
- Node: Cryptobia, Parabodo, Procryptobia, Trypanoplasma
- Eubodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
- Trypanosomatida Kent 1880, emend. Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004
- Node: Blastocrithidia, Crithidia, Herpetomonas, Leishmania, Leptomonas, Phytomonas, Rhynchoidomonas, Trypanosoma, Wallaceina. Other included genera: Angomonas, Sergeia, Strigomonas.
- Neobodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
- Incertae sedis Kinetoplastea: Bordnamonas, Cephalothamnium, Hemistasia
- Euglenida Bütschli 1884, emend. Simpson 1997
- Heterolobosea Page & Blanton 1985
- Tsukubamonas Yabuki et al. 2011
- Jakobida Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Adl et al. 2005
- Metamonada Cavalier-Smith 1987 (= Metamonadina Grassé 1952), emend. Cavalier-Smith 2003
[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]
Ruggiero et al. (2015) Edit
Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [5].
- Superkingdom Prokaryota
- Kingdom Archaea [= Archaebacteria]
- Kingdom Bacteria [= Eubacteria]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Protozoa
- Subkingdom Eozoa
- Infrakingdom Euglenozoa
- Infrakingdom Excavata
- Phylum Loukozoa
- Subphylum Eolouka
- Class Jakobea
- Order Jakobida
- Class Tsukubea
- Order Tsukubamonadida
- Class Jakobea
- Subphylum Neolouka
- Class Malawimonadea
- Order Malawimonadida
- Class Malawimonadea
- Subphylum Eolouka
- Phylum Metamonada
- Class Anaeromonadea
- Order Oxymonadida
- Order Trimastigida
- Class Carpomonadea
- Order Carpediemonadida
- Order Chilomastigida
- Order Dysnectida
- Class Eopharyngea
- Order Diplomonadida
- Order Retortamonadida
- Class Trichomonadea
- Order Cristamonadida
- Order Spirotrichonymphida
- Order Trichomonadida
- Order Tritrichomonadida
- Class Trichonymphea
- Order Lophomonadida
- Order Trichonymphida
- Class Anaeromonadea
- Phylum Percolozoa
- Subphylum Pharyngomonada
- Class Pharyngomonadea
- Order Pharyngomonadida
- Class Pharyngomonadea
- Subphylum Tetramitia
- Class Heterolobosea
- Order Acrasida
- Order Schizopyrenida
- Class Lyromonadea
- Order Lyromonadida
- Class Percolatea
- Order Percolomonadida
- Order Pseudociliatida
- Class Heterolobosea
- Subphylum Pharyngomonada
- Phylum Loukozoa
- Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
- Phylum Amoebozoa
- Phylum Choanozoa [with Microsporidia, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
- Phylum Microsporidia [with Choanozoa, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
- Phylum Sulcozoa
- Subkingdom Eozoa
- Kingdom Chromista
- Subkingdom Hacrobia
- Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
- Infrakingdom Halvaria
- Superphylum Alveolata
- Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
- Infrakingdom Rhizaria
- Infrakingdom Halvaria
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Protozoa