Parabasalia

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Protozoa
Subregnum: Eozoa
Infraregnum: Excavata
Phylum: Metamonada
Subphylum: Trichozoa
Superclassis: Parabasalia
Classes: Hypotrichomonadea - Pimpavickea - Lophomonadea - Trichomonadea - Trichonymphea - Cristamonadea - Dientamonadea - Monocercomonadea - Simplicimonadea - Tritrichomonadea - Spirotrichonymphea

Genera (incertae sedis): Coelotrichomastix – Cthulhu – Cthylla – Mesojoenia

Name

Parabasalia Honigberg, 1973: 187.

Similar groups:

Parabasalea Hausmann & Hülsmann, 1996

Parabasala Cavalier-Smith, 1997

References

Primary references

• Honigberg, B. M. 1973. Remarks upon trichomonad affinities of certain parasitic protozoa. In: P. De Puytorac & J. Grain (Eds.) Progress in Protozoology: Abstracts of Papers Read at the 4th International Congress of Protozoology, Clermont-Ferrand, 2–10 September 1973. Clermont-Ferrand: Université de Clermont: 187.

Additional references

• Boscaro, V., James, E.R., Fiorito, R., Del Campo, J., Scheffrahn, R.H., & Keeling, P.J. 2024. Updated classification of the phylum Parabasalia. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 71(4)(e13035): 1–23. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13035 Reference page. 
• Cavalier-Smith, T. 2003. The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1741–1758. DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02548-0 Reference page. 
• Cavalier-Smith T. 2003. Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa. European Journal of Protistology 39: 338–348. DOI: 10.1078/0932-4739-00002 Reference page. 
• Čepička, I., Dolan, M.F. & Gile, G.H. 2016. Parabasalia. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., & Slamovits, C. (Eds.) Handbook of the Protists. Springer, pp. 1-44. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_9-1

Alternative classifications

John O. Corliss (1984)

• Corliss, J.O. 1984. The kingdom Protista and its 45 phyla. Biosystems 17(2): 87–126. DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(84)90003-0 Reference page. 

In Kingdom Protista, Assemblage "Polymastigotes"
Phylum Parabasalia Honigberg, 1973

Dyer in Margulis et al. (1990)

Dyer, B.D., 1990. 14i. Phylum Zoomastigina, Class Parabasalia. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (ed.). Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, p. 252-258. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), [1].

Kingdom Protoctista

• Section III: Phyla with flagellated stages, but without complex sexual cycles
  • Phylum 14. Zoomastigina
    • Class Parabasalia

Cavalier-Smith (1993)

From Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla

In Kingdom Protozoa, Subkingdom Dictyozoa
Branch Parabasalia new branch
Phylum Parabasalia Honigberg, 1973 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1981

• Class Trichomonadea
• Class Hypermastigea

Cavalier-Smith (1998)

From A revised six-kingdom system of life

In Phylum Trichozoa
Subphylum Parabasala Honigberg 1973 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1997

David J. Patterson (1999)

From The Diversity of Eukaryotes

In Eukaryotes
Clade Parabasalids

• Trichomonads
• Hypermastigids
• Cochlosoma

Brugerolle & Lee, in Lee et al. (2000)

Brugerolle, G. & Lee, J.J., 2000. Phylum Parabasalia. In: Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. & Bradbury, P. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Society of Protozoologists/Allen Press: Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A, 2nd ed., vol. 2, p. 1196-1250, [2]. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), [3].

In “protozoa”, “flagellated protists”

• Phylum Parabasalia
  • Class Trichomonada
    • 1 Family Monocercomonadidae Kirby, 1944
      • 1 Subfamily Monocercomonadinae Kirby, 1944 [see Family Monocercomonadidae Kirby, 1944]
        • 1 Genus Monocercomonas Grassi, 1879
        • 2 Genus Eutrichomastix Kofoid & Swezy, 1915 [see Genus Monocercomonas Grassi, 1879]
        • 3 Genus Tricercomitus Kirby, 1930
        • 4 Genus Tetratrichomastix Mackinnon, 1913 [see Genus Hexamastix Alexeieff, 1912]
        • 5 Genus Trichomastix Blochmann, 1884 [see Genus Tetratrichomastix Mackinnon, 1913]
        • 6 Genus Hexamastix Alexeieff, 1912
      • 2 Subfamily Chilomitinae Honigberg, 1963
        • 1 Genus Chilomitus de Fonseca, 1915
      • 3 Subfamily Protrichomonadinae
        • 1 Genus Protrichomonas Alexeieff, 1911
        • 2 Genus Parahistomonas Lund, 1963
        • 3 Genus Histomonas Tyzzer, 1920
      • 4 Subfamily Dientamoebinae Grassé, 1953
        • 1 Genus Dientamoeba Dobell, 1940
      • 5 Subfamily Hypotrichomonadinae Honigberg, 1963 [see Family Hypotrichomonadidae (Honigberg, 1963) Cepicka et al., 2010]
        • 1 Genus Hypotrichomonas Lee, 1960
        • 2 Genus Pseudotrichomonas Bishop, 1939
        • 3 Genus Ditrichomonas Farmer, 1993
    • 2 Family Trichomonadidae Chalmers & Pekkola, 1918
      • 1 Subfamily Tritrichomonadinae Honigberg, 1963 [see Family Tritrichomonadidae Honigberg, 1963]
        • 1 Genus Tritrichomonas Kofoid, 1920
      • 2 Subfamily Trichomonadinae Chalmers & Pekkola, 1918
        • 1 Genus Trichomitus Swezy, 1915
        • 2 Genus Tetratrichomonas Parisi, 1910
        • 3 Genus Trichomonas Donné, 1836
        • 4 Genus Pentatrichomonas Mesnil, 1914
      • 3 Subfamily Trichomitopsinae Brugerolle, 1977
        • 1 Genus Trichomitopsis Kofoid & Swezy, 1919
        • 2 Genus Pseudotrypanosoma Grassi, 1917
      • 4 Subfamily Pentatrichomonoidinae Honigberg, 1963
        • 1 Genus Pentatrichomonoides Kirby, 1931
    • 3 Family Devescovinidae Doflein, 1911 [see Family Lophomonadidae Stein]
      • 1 Subfamily Devescovininae Doflein, 1911
        • 01 Genus Foaina Janicki, 1915
        • 02 Genus Crucinympha Kirby, 1939 [see Genus Foaina Janicki, 1915]
        • 03 Genus Janickiella Duboscq & Grassé [see Genus Foaina Janicki, 1915]
        • 04 Genus Paradevescovina Kirby [see Genus Foaina Janicki, 1915]
        • 05 Genus Parajoenia Janicki, 1911
        • 06 Genus Devescovina Foà, 1905
        • 07 Genus Metadevescovina Light, 1926
        • 08 Genus Caduceia França, 1918
        • 09 Genus Bullanympha Kirby, 1939
        • 10 Genus Hyperdevescovina Kirby, 1947
        • 11 Genus Pseudodevescovina Sutherland, 1933
        • 12 Genus Polymastigoides Grassé & Hollande, 1951
        • 13 Genus Achemon Grassé & Hollande, 1950
        • 14 Genus Astronympha Grassé, 1952
        • 15 Genus Evemonia Grassé & Hollande, 1950
        • 16 Genus Mixotricha Sutherland, 1933
        • 17 Genus Kirbynia Grassé & Hollande, 1950
      • 2 Subfamily Gigantomonadinae H. Kirby, 1946
        • 1 Genus Gigantomonas Dogiel, 1916
        • 2 Genus Macrotrichomonas Grassi, 1917
    • 4 Family Calonymphidae Grassi & Foa, 1911 [see Family Lophomonadidae Stein]
      • 1 Genus Coronympha Kirby, 1929
      • 2 Genus Metacoronympha Kirby, 1939
      • 3 Genus Stephanonympha Janicki, 1911
      • 4 Genus Diplonympha Grassi, 1920
      • 5 Genus Calonympha Foà, 1905
      • 6 Genus Snyderella Kirby, 1929
    • 5 Family Cochlosomatidae E.E. Tyzzer, 1930 [see Family Trichomonadidae Chalmers & Pekkola, 1918]
      • 1 Genus Cochlosoma Kotlán, 1923
      • 2 Genus Cyathosoma Tyzzer, 1930
      • 3 Genus Ptychostoma Tyzzer, 1930
  • Class Hypermastigia
    • 1 Order Lophomonadida Light, 1927 [see Order Cristamonadida Brugerolle & Patterson, 2001]
      • 1 Family Joeniidae Janicki [see Family Lophomonadidae Stein]
        • 1 Genus Joenia Grassi, 1917
        • 2 Genus Placojoenia Radek & Hausmann, 1994
        • 3 Genus Joenina Grassi, 1885
        • 4 Genus Joenoides Grassé, 1952
        • 5 Genus Joenopsis Cutler, 1920
        • 6 ?Genus Cyclojoenia Nurse, 1945
        • 7 Genus Projoenia Lavette, 1970
      • 2 Family Lophomonadidae Stein
        • 1 Genus Lophomonas Stein, 1860
      • 3 Family Rhizonymphidae [see Family Lophomonadidae Stein]
        • 1 Genus Rhizonympha Grassé & Hollande, 1951
      • 4 Family Microjoeniidae Grassé, 1952 [see Family Holomastigotoididae Grassi & Foà, 1911]
        • 1 Genus Microjoenia Grassi, 1892
        • 2 Genus Torquenympha Brown, 1930 [see Genus Microjoenia Grassi, 1892]
      • 5 Family Kofoidiidae [see Family Lophomonadidae Stein]
        • 1 Genus Kofoidia Light, 1927
      • 6 Family Deltotrichonymphidae [see Family Lophomonadidae Stein]
        • 1 Genus Deltotrichonympha Sutherland, 1933
        • 2 Genus Koruga Cleveland, 1966
    • 2 Order Trichonymphida Poche, 1913
      • 1 Family Hoplonymphidae
        • 1 Genus Barbulanympha Cleveland et al., 1934
        • 2 Genus Hoplonympha Light, 1926
        • 3 Genus Urinympha Cleveland, Hall, Sanders & Collier, 1934
        • 4 Genus Rhynchonympha Cleveland, Hall, Sanders & Collier, 1934
      • 2 Family Staurojoeninidae
        • 1 Genus Staurojoenina Kirby, 1926
        • 2 Genus Idionympha Cleveland, Hall, Sanders & Collier, 1934
      • 3 Family Trichonymphidae Kent, 1880
        • 1 Genus Trichonympha Leidy, 1877
      • 4 Family Eucomonymphidae [see Family Teranymphidae]
        • 1 Genus Eucomonympha Cleveland et al., 1934
        • 2 Genus Pseudotrichonympha Grassi & Foà, 1911
      • 5 Family Teranymphidae
        • 1 Genus Teranympha Koidzumi, 1917
        • 2 Genus Teratonympha Koidzumi, 1921 [see Genus Teranympha Koidzumi, 1917]
        • 3 Genus Cyclonympha Dogiel, 1917 [see Genus Teranympha Koidzumi, 1917]
      • 6 Family Spirotrichosomidae
        • 1 Genus Macrospironympha Cleveland et al., 1934
        • 2 Genus Leptospironympha Cleveland et al., 1934
        • 3 Genus Spirotrichosoma Sutherland, 1933
        • 4 Genus Apospironympha Cleveland & Day, 1958
        • 5 Genus Colospironympha Cleveland & Day, 1958
    • 3 Order Spirotrichonymphida Grassé, 1952
      • 1 Family Spirotrichonymphidae Grassi, 1917 [see Family Holomastigotoididae Grassi & Foà, 1911]
        • 1 Genus Spirotrichonympha Grassi & Foà, 1911
        • 2 Genus Spirotrichonymphella Grassi, 1917
        • 3 ?Genus Spironympha Koidzumi, 1921
        • 4 Genus Microspironympha Koidzumi, 1921 [see Genus Spironympha Koidzumi, 1921]
        • 5 ?Genus Micromastigotes Hollande & Carruette-Valentin, 1971
      • 2 Family Holomastigotoididae Grassi & Foà, 1911
        • 1 Genus Holomastigotoides Grassi & Foà, 1911
        • 2 Genus Rostronympha Duboscq, Grassé & Rose, 1937
      • 3 Family Holomastigotidae Janicky, 1915 [see Family Holomastigotoididae Grassi & Foà, 1911]
        • 1 Genus Holomastigotes Grassi, 1892
        • 2 ?Genus Spiromastigotes Duboscq & Grassé, 1943

Cavalier-Smith (2002)

From The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa

In Kingdom Protozoa, Subkingdom Corticata, Infrakingdom Excavata, Superphylum Archezoa
Phylum Parabasalia

Alastair G. B. Simpson (2003)

From Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota)

In Excavata
Clade Parabasalia

Cepicka et al. (2010)

Cepicka, I., Hampl, V., & Kulda, J. (2010). Critical taxonomic revision of parabasalids with description of one new genus and three new species. Protist 161(3), 400-433, [4], [5].

Parabasalia Honigberg, 1973

• 1 Class Hypotrichomonadea Čepička et al., 2010
  • Family Hypotrichomonadidae Honigberg, 1963 (= Trichomitidae Hampl, Vrlík, Cepicka, Pecka, Kulda & Tachezy, 2006)
    • 1 Genus Hypotrichomonas Lee, 1960
    • 2 Genus Trichomitus Swezy, 1915
• 2 Class Trichomonadea Kirby, 1947 sensu Margulis, 1974
  • Order Trichomonadida Kirby, 1947
    • Family Trichomonadidae Chalmers & Pekkola, 1918 sensu Hampl, Vrlík, Cepicka, Pecka, Kulda & Tachezy, 2006
      • Genus Trichomonas Donné, 1836
      • Genus Tetratrichomonas Parisi, 1910
      • Genus Pentatrichomonas Mesnil, 1914
      • Genus Pseudotrypanosoma Grassi, 1917
      • Genus Trichomitopsis Kofoid & Swezy, 1919
      • Genus Cochlosoma Kotlán, 1923
      • Genus Pentatrichomonoides Kirby, 1931
      • Genus Trichomonoides Brugerolle & Bordereau, 2004
  • 2 Order Honigbergiellida Čepička et al., 2010
    • 1 Family Honigbergiellidae Čepička et al., 2010
      • Genus Honigbergiella Hampl, Čepička & Kulda, 2007
      • Genus Pseudotrichomonas Bishop, 1939
      • Genus Ditrichomonas Farmer, 1993
      • Genus Monotrichomonas Bernard, Simpson & Patterson, 2000
    • 2 Family Hexamastigidae Čepička et al., 2010
      • Genus Hexamastix Alexeieff, 1912
      • Genus Tetratrichomastix Mackinnon, 1913
    • 3 Family Tricercomitidae Čepička et al., 2010
      • 1 Genus Tricercomitus Kirby, 1930
• 3 Class Tritrichomonadea Cepicka et al., 2010
  • Order Tritrichomonadida Čepička et al., 2010
    • Family Tritrichomonadidae Honigberg, 1963 sensu Hampl, Vrlík, Cepicka, Pecka, Kulda & Tachezy, 2006
      • 1 Genus Tritrichomonas Kofoid, 1920
    • Family Simplicimonadidae Čepička et al., 2010
      • 1 Genus Simplicimonas Čepička et al., 2010
    • Family Monocercomonadidae Kirby, 1944
      • 1 Genus Monocercomonas Grassi, 1879
    • Family Dientamoebidae Grassé, 1953 (= Protrichomonadinae Honigberg & Kuldová, 1969)
      • Genus Dientamoeba Dobell, 1940
      • Genus Protrichomonas Alexeieff, 1911
      • Genus Histomonas Tyzzer, 1920
      • Genus Parahistomonas Honigberg & Kuldová, 1969
• 4 Class Cristamonadea (Brugerolle & Patterson, 2001) Cepicka et al., 2010
  • Order Cristamonadida Brugerolle & Patterson, 2001
    • Family Lophomonadidae Kent, 1880 (= Calonymphidae Grassi, 1911; Devescovinidae Doflein, 1911; Joeniidae Janicki, 1915; Kofoidiidae Light, 1927; Deltotrichonymphidae; Gigantomonadinae Kirby, 1944; Rhizonymphidae Grassé & Hollande, 1951)
      • Genus Lophomonas Grassi, 1885 [Stein, 1860?]
      • Genus Joenia Grassi, 1885
      • Genus Calonympha Foà, 1905
      • Genus Devescovina Foà, 1905
      • Genus Stephanonympha Janicki, 1911
      • Genus Foaina Janicki, 1915
      • Genus Gigantomonas Dogiel, 1916
      • Genus Caduceia França, 1918
      • Genus Diplonympha Grassi, 1920
      • Genus Joenina Grassi, 1920
      • Genus Joenopsis Cutler, 1920
      • Genus Macrotrichomonas Grassi, 1920
      • Genus Metadevescovina Light, 1926
      • Genus Kofoidia Light, 1927
      • Genus Coronympha Kirby, 1929
      • Genus Snyderella Kirby, 1929
      • Genus Deltotrichonympha Sutherland, 1933
      • Genus Mixotricha Sutherland, 1933
      • Genus Pseudodevescovina Sutherland, 1933
      • Genus Prolophomonas Cleveland, Hall, Sanders & Collier, 1934
      • Genus Bullanympha Kirby, 1939
      • Genus Metacoronympha Kirby, 1939
      • Genus Cyclojoenia Nurse, 1945
      • Genus Hyperdevescovina Kirby, 1947
      • Genus Achemon Grassé & Hollande, 1950
      • Genus Evemonia Grassé & Hollande, 1950
      • Genus Kirbynia Grassé & Hollande, 1950
      • Genus Polymastigoides Grassé & Hollande, 1951
      • Genus Rhizonympha Grassé & Hollande, 1951
      • Genus Astronympha Grassé, 1952
      • Genus Joenoides Grassé, 1952
      • Genus Koruga Cleveland, 1966
      • Genus Projoenia Lavette, 1970
      • Genus Placojoenia Radek & Hausmann, 1994
      • Genus Criconympha Dolan & Kirby, 2002
      • Genus Gyronympha Dolan & Kirby, 2002
      • Genus Prosnyderella Dolan & Kirby, 2002
      • Genus Pachyjoenia Brugerolle & Bordereau, 2005
• 5 Class Trichonymphea Cavalier-Smith, 2003
  • Order Trichonymphida Poche, 1913 sensu Cavalier-Smith,2003
    • Family Trichonymphidae Kent, 1880
      • Genus Trichonympha Leidy, 1877
    • Family Teranymphidae Koidzumi, 1921 (= Eucomonymphidae Cleveland, Hall, Sanders & Collier, 1934)
      • Genus Teranympha Koidzumi, 1917
      • Genus Pseudotrichonympha Grassi & Foà, 1911
      • Genus Eucomonympha Cleveland, Hall, Sanders & Collier, 1934
    • Family Spirotrichosomidae Hollande & Caruette-Valentin, 1971
      • Genus Spirotrichosoma Sutherland, 1933
      • Genus Macrospironympha Cleveland, Hall, Sanders & Collier, 1934
      • Genus Leptospironympha Cleveland, Hall, Sanders & Collier, 1934
      • Genus Apospironympha Cleveland & Day, 1958
      • Genus Colospironympha Cleveland & Day, 1958
      • Genus Bispironympha Bobyleva, 1969
    • Family Hoplonymphidae Light, 1926
      • Genus Hoplonympha Light, 1926
      • Genus Barbulanympha Cleveland, Hall, Sanders & Collier, 1934
      • Genus Rhynchonympha Cleveland, Hall, Sanders & Collier, 1934
      • Genus Urinympha Cleveland, Hall, Sanders & Collier, 1934
    • Family Staurojoeninidae Grassi, 1917
      • Genus Staurojoenina Kirby, 1926
      • Genus Idionympha Cleveland, Hall, Sanders & Collier, 1934
• 6 Class Spirotrichonymphea Grassé, 1952 stat. nov.
  • Order Spirotrichonymphida Grassé, 1952
    • Family Holomastigotoididae Grassi & Foà, 1911 (= Holomastigotidae Janicky, 1915; Spirotrichonymphidae Grassi, 1917; Microjoeniidae Grassé, 1952)
      • Genus Holomastigotoides Grassi & Foà, 1911
      • Genus Holomastigotes Grassi, 1892
      • Genus Microjoenia Grassi, 1892
      • Genus Spirotrichonympha Grassi & Foà, 1911
      • Genus Spironympha Koidzumi, 1917
      • Genus Spirotrichonymphella Grassi, 1917
      • Genus Rostronympha Duboscq, Grassé & Rose, 1937
      • Genus Spiromastigotes Duboscq & Grassé, 1943
      • Genus Micromastigotes Hollande & Carruette-Valentin, 1971
      • Genus Uteronympha Brugerolle, 2006
• ?Genus Trichocovina Maaß & Radek, 2006
• ?Genus Chilomitus de Fonseca, 1915

Adl et al. (2012)

• Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page. 

Eukaryota

• Excavata Cavalier-Smith 2002, emend. Simpson 2003
  • Metamonada Cavalier-Smith 1987 (= Metamonadina Grassé 1952), emend. Cavalier-Smith 2003
    • Parabasalia Honigberg 1973
      • Trichomonadea Kirby 1947, sensu Margulis 1974, emend. Čepička et al. 2010 (P?)
        • Hexamastix, Pentatrichomonas, Pseudotrichomonas, Tricercomitus, Trichomonas
      • Hypotrichomonadea Čepička et al. 2010
        • Hypotrichomonas, Trichomitus
      • Tritrichomonadea Čepička et al. 2010 (P?)
        • Dientamoeba, Histomonas, Monocercomonas, Tritrichomonas
      • Cristamonadea Brugerolle & Patterson 2001, sensu Čepička et al. 2010
        • Coronympha, Deltotrichonympha, Devescovina, Foaina, Joenia, Mixotricha
      • Trichonymphea Poche 1913, sensu Cavalier-Smith 2003
        • Barbulanympha, Hoplonympha, Staurojoenia [Staurojoenina], Trichonympha
      • Spirotrichonymphea Grassé 1952, sensu Čepička et al. 2010
        • Holomastigotes, Holomastigotoides, Microjoenia, Spirotrichonympha