Actinophryales

Actinophrys sol

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Diaphoretickes
Cladus: Tsar
Cladus: Sar
Infraregnum: Heterokonta
Phylum: Ochrophyta
Subphylum: Phaeista
Superclassis: Raphidoistia
Classis: Actinophryophyceae
Ordo: Actinophryales
Subordines: Actinosphaeriineae – Actinophryineae

Name

Actinophryales P.Gervais & van Beneden, Zool. Méd. 2: 440 (1858) (“Actinophrys”), pro zool. ord.

• Type genus: Actinophrys Ehrenberg, 1830

Synonyms

• Heterotypic
  • Actinosphaeriales E.K.Brandt, Uchebn. Zool. 2: 290 (1876) (“Actinosphaerida”), pro zool. ord.

• Orthographic variants:
• Actinophrydea Hartmann, 1913
• Actinophrydia Kühn, 1926

References

• Brandt, E.K. [Брандтъ, Э.К.] 1876. Учебникъ зоологiи примѣнительно къ учебнымъ планамъ реальныхъ училищъ, а равно къ программамъ другихъ среднеучебныхъ заведенiй, въ которыхъ преподается естественная исторiя [Textbook of Zoology for programs in Real Schools, and for programs of other middle real schools in which the natural history is taught]. St.-Petersburg: tipografija A. M. Kotomina, Vol. 1: [i]–[iv], 1–523 [4 Feb [24 Jan, Old Style] 1876 ‘1875’]; Vol. 2: [i]–[vii], 1–298, [corr.] [27 [15, Old Style] Mai 1876] (Russian) Reference page. 
• Hartmann, M. 1913. Rhizopoda. In: Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften, Band 8: 422–446. Jena: Gustav Fischer. BHL Reference page. 
• Mikrjukov, K.A. & Patterson, D.J. 2001. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. III. Actinophryids. Acta Protozoologica 40(1): 3–26. [1] ResearchGate Reference page. 
• Cavalier-Smith, T. & Scoble, J.M. 2013. Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes. European Journal of Protistology 49: 328–353. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002 Researchgate. Reference page. 

For more multimedia, look at Actinophryales on Wikimedia Commons.

Classifications

Hartmann (1913)

• Hartmann, M. 1913. Rhizopoda. In: Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften, Band 8: 422–446. Jena: Gustav Fischer. BHL Reference page. 

Sarcodinen

• 1. Unterklasse: Rhizopoda (im engeren Sinne)
• 2. Unterklasse: Heliozoa
  • 1. Ordnung. Actinophrydea nom. nov.
  • 2. Ordnung. Acanthocystidea nom. nov.
  • 3. Ordnung. Clathrulinidea
• 3. Unterklasse: Radiolaria
• 4. Unterklasse: Mycetozoa (Myxomyceta)

Kühn (1926)

Kühn, A. (1921). Morphologie der Tiere in Bildern. Heft 2: Protozoen. Teil 2. Rhizopoden. Gebrüder Borntraeger: Berlin, [2].

Protozoa

• 2. Klasse: Rhizopoda
  • III. Unterklasse: Heliozoa
    • 1. Ordnung: Actinophrydia
    • 2. Ordnung: Centrohelidia

Honigberg et al. (1964)

Class: Actinopodea
Subclass: Heliozoia

• Order: Actinophryida
• Order: Centrohelida
• Order: Desmothoracida

Cavalier-Smith (1993)

From Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla

In Class Nucleohelea
Order Actinophryida Hartmann, 1913

David J. Patterson (1999)

From The Diversity of Eukaryotes

In Eukaryotes
Clade Actinophryids

• Actinophrys
• Actinosphaerium (syn. Echinosphaerium, Camptonema)

Mikrjukov & Patterson (2001)

• Mikrjukov, K.A. & Patterson, D.J. 2001. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. III. Actinophryids. Acta Protozoologica 40(1): 3–26. [3] ResearchGate Reference page. 

Classification 1

• Superclass Dictyochia Haeckel, 1894
  • Class Pelagophyceae Andersen and Sanders, 1993
  • Class Actinochrysophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1995
    • Subclass Silicophycidae Rothmaler, 1951
    • Subclass Abaxodinae subcl. n.
      • Superorder Rhizochromulinea O’Kelly and Wujek, 1995
      • Superorder Actinodinea superord. n.
        • Order Pedinellales Zimmermann et al., 1984
        • Order Ciliophryida Febvre-Chevalier, 1985
        • Order Actinophryida Hartmann, 1913

Classification 2

• [In stramenopiles: Superclass Dictyochia Haeckel, 1894]
  • pelagophytes [Class Pelagophyceae Andersen and Sanders, 1993]
  • Axodines [Class Actinochrysophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1995]
    • Silicoflagellates [Subclass Silicophycidae Rothmaler, 1951]
    • Abodines [Subclass Abaxodinae subcl. n.]
      • Rhizochromulinids [Superorder Rhizochromulinea O’Kelly and Wujek, 1995]
      • Actinodines [Superorder Actinodinea superord. n.]
        • [Order Pedinellales Zimmermann et al., 1984, paraphyletic]
          • Pseudopedinella sm
          • Mesopedinella sm
          • Apedinella sm
          • Parapedinella sm
          • Unnamed taxon
            • Pedinella sm
            • Actinomonads
              • Pteridomonas
              • Actinomonas
              • Heliomonads
                • Ciliophrys [Order Ciliophryida Febvre-Chevalier, 1985]
                • Actinophryids [Order Actinophryida Hartmann, 1913]
                  • Actinophrys
                    • Actinophrys sol
                    • Actinophrys tauryanini
                    • Actinophrys salsuginosa
                    • Actinosphaerium
                      • Actinosphaerium eichhornii
                      • Actinosphaerium nucleofilum

Nikolaev et al. (2005)

From The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes, [4].

Eukaryota

• Bikonta
  • Rhizaria
    • core Cercozoa
      • Phaeodarea ["Radiolaria"]
      • Desmothoracida ["Heliozoa"]
      • other core Cercozoa
    • Phytomyxea
    • Haplosporidia
    • Foraminifera
    • Gromiidae
    • [unnamed] [= Radiolaria sensu Adl et al., 2005]
      • Acantharea ["Radiolaria"]
      • Taxopodida ["Heliozoa"]
      • Polycystinea ["Radiolaria"]
  • Stramenopiles
    • Actinophryida ["Heliozoa"]
  • Centrohelida ["Heliozoa"]

Cavalier-Smith & Scoble (2013)

• Cavalier-Smith, T. & Scoble, J.M. 2013. Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes. European Journal of Protistology 49: 328–353. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002 Researchgate. Reference page. 

Infrakingdom Heterokonta

• Superphylum Gyrista Cavalier-Smith, 1998
  • Phylum Ochrophyta
    • Phaeista
      • Chrysista
        • Marista
          • Class Raphidomonadea
            • Subclass Raphidophycidae Cavalier-Smith subcl. n. [= Raphidophyceae Chadefaud ex Silva, 1980]
            • Subclass Raphopoda Cavalier-Smith subcl. n.
              • Order Commatiida Cavalier-Smith, 1997
                • Family Commatiidae Cavalier-Smith
                • Genus Commation Thomsen and Larsen, 1993
              • Order Actinophryida Hartmann, 1913
                • Suborder Actinosphaerina Cavalier-Smith subord. n
                  • Family Actinosphaeriidae Cavalier-Smith fam. n.
                    • Genus Actinosphaerium Ritter von Stein, 1857
                • Suborder Actinophryina Cavalier-Smith subord. n.
                  • Family Actinophryidae Dujardin, 1841
                    • Genus Actinophrys
                  • Family Helioraphidae Cavalier-Smith fam. n
                    • Genus Heliorapha Cavalier-Smith gen. n