Alveolata

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Diaphoretickes
Cladus: Tsar
Cladus: Sar
Infraregnum: Alveolata
Phyla: Ciliophora - Myzozoa

Name

Alveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1991

References

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1991. Cell diversification in heterotrophic flagellates. In: D.J. Patterson & J. Larsen (eds.), The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates. Oxford University Press, pp. 113-131.
Cavalier-Smith T. 2003. Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa. European Journal of Protistology 39: 338–348. DOI: 10.1078/0932-4739-00002 Reference page.
Cavalier-Smith, T. & Chao, E.E.-Y. 2004. Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.). European Journal of Protistology 40(3): 185–212. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2004.01.002 Reference page.

Links

Vernacular names

English: Alveolates
eesti: Alveolaadid
français: Alvéolés
中文: 囊泡下界

Alternative classifications

Hausmann et al. (2003)

From Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. Protistology. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003.

Empire Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 (= Eukarya)

Phylum Alveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1992
- Subphylum Dinoflagellata Bütschli, 1885 (Dinozoa, Dinophyta)
  - Class Diniferea
  - Class Syndinea
- Subphylum Perkinsozoa Noreen et al. 1999
  - Family Colpodellidae Simpson & Patterson, 1996
- Subphylum Apicomplexa Levine,1970
  - Class Gregarinea Dufour, 1828
  - Class Coccidea Leukart, 1879
    - Order Agamococcida Levine, 1979
    - Order Protococcida Kheisin, 1956 (Coelotrophida)
    - Order Adeleida Leger, 1911
    - Order Eimeriida Leger, 1911
  - Class Haematozoea Vivier, 1982
    - Order Haemosporida Danilewsky, 1885
    - Order Piroplasmida Wenyon, 1926
- Subphylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901
  - Superclass Postciliodesmatophora Gerassimova & Seravin, 1976
  - Superclass Intramacronucleata Lynn, 1996
- Subphylum Haplospora Caulery & Mesnil, 1889

Adl et al. (2012)

Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page.

Eukaryota

Sar Burki et al., 2008 (R)
- Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991
  - Protalveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991, emend. Adl et al. 2012 (P)
    - Chromerida Moore et al. 2008 (P?)
      - Chromera, Vitrella
    - Colpodellida Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Adl et al. 2005 (P?)
      - Alphamonas, Colpodella, Voromonas
    - Perkinsidae Levine 1978, emend. Adl et al. 2005
      - Parvilucifera, Perkinsus
    - Oxyrrhis Dujardin 1841 (Oxyrrhinaceae Sournia 1984) (M)
    - Syndiniales Loeblich III 1976
      - Amoebophrya, Duboscquella, Merodinium, Syndinium
  - Dinoflagellata Bütschli 1885, emend. Fensome et al. 1993, emend. Adl et al. 2005
    - Noctilucales Haeckel 1894 (Noctiluciphyceae Fensome et al. 1993)
      - Abedinium, Cachonodinium, Craspedotella, Cymbodinium, Kofoidinium, Leptodiscus, Noctiluca, Petalodinium, Pomatodinium, Scaphodinium, Spatulodinium
    - Dinophyceae Pascher 1914
      - Gymnodiniphycidae Fensome et al. 1993
        Gymnodinium F. Stein 1878, emend. G. Hansen & Moestrup in Daugbjerg et al. 2000 sensu stricto
        Dissodinium, Gymnodinium, Lepidodinium, Nematodinium, Polykrikos, Proterythropsis, Warnowia
        
        Amphidinium Claparède & Lachmann 1859, emend. Flø Jørgensen et al. 2004 sensu stricto
        
        Gyrodinium Kofoid & Swezy 1921, emend. G. Hansen & Moestrup in Daugbjerg et al. 2000 sensu stricto
        
        Kareniaceae Bergholtz et al. 2005
        Brachidinium, Karenia, Karlodinium, Takayama
        
        Ptychodiscales Fensome et al. 1993
        Achradina, Amphitolus, Balechina, Ptychodiscus, Sclerodinium
        
        Borghiellaceae Moestrup et al. 2009
        Baldinia, Borghiella
        
        Tovelliaceae Moestrup et al. 2005
        Bernardinium, Esopotrodinium, Jadwigia, Tovellia
        
        Suessiaceae Fensome et al. 1993, emend. Moestrup et al. 2009
        Biecheleria, Polarella, Protodinium, Symbiodinium
      - Peridiniphycidae Fensome et al. 1993
        Gonyaulacales Taylor 1980
        Alexandrium, Amylax, Ceratium, Coolia, Fragilidium, Gambierdiscus, Goniodoma, Gonyaulax, Lingulodinium, Ostreopsis, Peridinella, Protoceratium, Pyrocystis, Pyrophacus
        
        Peridiniales Haeckel 1894
        Amphidiniopsis, Archaeperidinium, Blastodinium, Diplopelta, Diplopsalis, Diplopsalopsis, Herdmania, Oblea, Peridinium, Peridiniopsis, Preperidinium, Protoperidinium
        
        Thoracosphaeraceae Schiller 1930
        Amyloodinium, Cryptoperidiniopsis, Ensiculifera, Leonella, Luciella, Paulsenella, Pentapharsodinium, Pfiesteria, Scrippsiella, Stoeckeria, Thoracosphaera, Tyrannodinium
        
        Podolampadaceae Lindemann 1928
        Blepharocysta, Gaarderiella, Heterobractum, Lissodinium, Mysticella, Podolampas
      - Dinophysiales Kofoid 1926
        Amphisolenia, Citharistes, Dinophysis, Histioneis, Ornithocercus, Oxyphysis, Phalacroma, Sinophysis, Triposolenia
      - Prorocentrales Lemmermann 1910
        Mesoporus, Prorocentrum
    - Incertae sedis Dinoflagellata: (Blastodiniales Chatton 1906, no longer valid). Amyloodinium, Apodinium, Cachonella, Crepidoodinium, Haplozoon, Oodinium, Piscinodinium, Protoodinium
  - Apicomplexa Levine 1980, emend. Adl et al. 2005
    - Aconoidasida Mehlhorn et al. 1980 (= Hematozoa Vivier 1982)
      - Haemospororida Danilewsky 1885
        Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Mesnilium, Plasmodium
      - Piroplasmorida Wenyon 1926
        Babesia, Theileria
    - Conoidasida Levine 1988
      - Coccidia Leuckart 1879
        Adeleorina Léger 1911
        Adelea, Adelina, Dactylosoma, Haemolivia, Hepatozoon, Haemogregarina, Karyolyssus, Klossia, Klossiella
        
        Eimeriorina Léger 1911
        Atoxoplasma, Barrouxia, Besnoitia, Caryospora, Caryotropha, Choleoeimeria, Cyclospora, Cystoisospora, Defretinella, Diaspora, Dorisa, Dorisiella, Eimeria, Goussia, Hammondia, Hyaloklossia, Isospora, Lankesterella, Mantonella, Neospora, Nephroisospora, Ovivora, Pfeifferinella, Pseudoklossia, Sarcocystis, Schellackia, Toxoplasma, Tyzzeria, Wenyonella
      - Gregarinasina Dufour 1828
        Archigregarinorida Grassé 1953
        Filipodium, Platyproteum, Selenidium, Veloxidium
        
        Eugregarinorida Léger 1900
        Amoebogregarina, Ascogregarina, Blabericola, Cephaloidophora, Colepismatophila, Difficilina, Ganymedes, Geneiorhynchus, Gregarina, Heliospora, Hoplorhynchus, Lankesteria, Lecudina, Leidyana, Lithocystis, Neoasterophora, Paraschneideria, Phyllochaetopterus, Prismatospora, Protomagalhaensia, Psychodiella, Pterospora, Pyxinia, Stenophora, Stylocephalus, Syncystis, Thiriotia, Trichotokara, Xiphocephalus
        
        Neogregarinorida Grassé 1953
        Mattesia, Ophryocystis, Schyzocystis, Syncystis
        
        Incertae sedis Gregarinasina: Acuta, Cephalolobus, Gregarina, Levinea, Menospora, Nematocystis, Nematopsis, Steinina, Trichorhynchus
      - Cryptosporidium
    - Incertae sedis Apicomplexa:
      - Agamococcidiorida Levine 1979
        Gemmocystis, Rhytidocystis
      - Protococcidiorida Kheisin 1956
        Angeiocystis, Coelotropha, Grellia, Eleutheroschizon, Mackinnonia, Myriosporides, Myriospora, Sawayella
      - Agreggata, Nephromyces
  - Ciliophora Doflein 1901 (Ciliata Perty 1852; Infusoria Bütschli 1887)
    - Postciliodesmatophora Gerassimova & Seravin 1976
      - Karyorelictea Corliss 1974
        Kentrophoros, Loxodes, Trachelocerca
      - Heterotrichea Stein 1859
        Blepharisma, Climacostomum, Folliculina, Stentor
    - Intramacronucleata Lynn 1996
      - Cariacothrix Orsi et al. 2012 (Cariacotrichea Orsi et al. 2011) (M)
      - Spirotrichea Bütschli 1889 (R)
        Armophorea Lynn 2004 (R)
        Armophorida Jankowksi 1964
        Caenomorpha, Metopus
        
        Clevelandellida de Puytorac & Grain 1976
        Clevelandella, Nyctotherus, Paracichlidotherus
        
        Litostomatea Small & Lynn 1981
        Haptoria Corliss 1974 (P)
        Didinium, Lacrymaria, Lagynophrya
        
        Rhynchostomatia Jankowski 1980, emend. Vd'ačný et al. 2011
        Dileptus, Dimacrocaryon, Trachelius
        
        Trichostomatia Bütschli 1889
        Balantidium, Entodinium, Isotricha, Ophryoscolex
        
        Conthreep Lynn in Adl et al. 2012 [Ventrata Cavalier-Smith 2004] (R)
        Phyllopharyngea de Puytorac et al. 1974
        Synhymenia de Puytorac et al. in Deroux, 1978
        Synhymenia, Zosterodasys
        
        Cyrtophoria Fauré-Fremiet in Corliss, 1956
        Brooklynella, Chilodonella
        
        Chonotrichia Wallengren 1895
        Chilodochona, Spirochona
        
        Rhynchodia Chatton & Lwoff 1939
        Ancistrocoma, Ignotocoma, Stegotricha
        
        Suctoria Claparède & Lachmann 1858
        Acineta, Discophrya, Ephelota, Tokophrya
        
        Nassophorea Small & Lynn 1981 (P?)
        Microthorax, Nassula, Pseudomicrothorax
        
        Colpodea Small & Lynn 1981
        Platyophryida Puytorac et al. 1979
        Platyophrya, Sorogena
        
        Bursariomorphida Fernández-Galiano 1978
        Bryometopus, Bursaria
        
        Cyrtolophosidida Foissner 1978
        Aristerostoma, Cyrtolophosis
        
        Colpodida de Puytorac et al. 1974
        Colpoda, Pseudoplatyophrya
        
        Prostomatea Schewiakoff 1896
        Coleps, Cryptocaryon, Holophrya, Prorodon, Urotricha
        
        Plagiopylea Small & Lynn 1985, sensu Lynn 2008 (R)
        Plagiopylida Jankowski 1978
        Lechriopyla, Plagiopyla, Sonderia, Trimyema
        
        Odontostomatida Sawaya 1940
        Discomorphella, Epalxella
        
        Oligohymenophorea de Puytorac et al. 1974
        Peniculia Fauré-Fremiet in Corliss 1956
        Frontonia, Paramecium, Stokesia
        
        Scuticociliatia Small 1967
        Anophryoides, Cyclidium, Loxocephalus, Philasterides, Pleuronema
        
        Hymenostomatia Delage & Hérouard 1896
        Colpidium, Glaucoma, Ichthyophthirius, Tetrahymena
        
        Apostomatia Chatton & Lwoff 1928
        Foettingeria, Gymnodinioides, Hyalophysa
        
        Peritrichia Stein 1859
        Carchesium, Epistylis, Trichodina, Vorticella, Zoothamnium
        
        Astomatia Schewiakoff 1896
        Anoplophrya, Haptophrya
  - Incertae sedis Alveolata
    - Ellobiopsidae (Ellobiopsis, Thalassomyces)
    - Colponema

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [1].

Superkingdom Prokaryota
- Kingdom Archaea [= Archaebacteria]
- Kingdom Bacteria [= Eubacteria]
Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Protozoa
  - Subkingdom Eozoa
    - Infrakingdom Euglenozoa
    - Infrakingdom Excavata
  - Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
    - Phylum Amoebozoa
    - Phylum Choanozoa [with Microsporidia, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
    - Phylum Microsporidia [with Choanozoa, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
    - Phylum Sulcozoa
- Kingdom Chromista
  - Subkingdom Hacrobia
  - Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
    - Infrakingdom Halvaria
      - Superphylum Alveolata
        Phylum Ciliophora
        
        Phylum Miozoa
        Subphylum Myzozoa
        Infraphylum Apicomplexa
        
        Infraphylum Dinozoa
        Superclass Dinoflagellata
        
        Superclass Perkinsozoa
        Class Myzomonadea
        Order Algovorida
        
        Class Perkinsea
        Order Perkinsida
        
        Order Phagodinida
        
        Subphylum Protalveolata
        Class Colponemea
        Order Colponemida
      - Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
    - Infrakingdom Rhizaria
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
- Kingdom Animalia