সাহায্য:নামস্থান
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নাম
নামের বিভাগটি শুধুমাত্র প্রাসঙ্গিক নামকরণ কোড দ্বারা নিয়ন্ত্রিত নামের জন্য ব্যবহার করা হয় (প্রাণীবিদ্যার জন্য, এর অর্থ হল প্রজাতি-গোষ্ঠী, জেনাস-গোষ্ঠী এবং শুধুমাত্র পরিবার-গোষ্ঠীর নাম)। নামের বিভাগে ভার্নাকুলার নাম ব্যবহার করা হয় না এবং তাই শুধুমাত্র ট্যাক্সনের ল্যাটিন নাম গ্রহণযোগ্য। জেনাস লেভেলের সমান বা নিচের ট্যাক্সার জন্য, এই নামগুলি অবশ্যই ইটালিকাইজড হতে হবে। এটি একটি বৈজ্ঞানিক সম্মেলন। ট্যাক্সনের নাম সর্বনিম্নভাবে অনুমোদনকারী লেখক দ্বারা অনুসরণ করা উচিত। উদ্ভিদবিদ্যার জন্য এটি অবশ্যই প্রকাশের বছর অনুসরণ করতে হবে। যাইহোক, অনুমোদনের বছরটি প্রাণিবিদ্যার ট্যাক্সের জন্যও সুপারিশ করা হয়। পুরানো প্রাণীবিদ্যা এবং সমস্ত উদ্ভিদবিদ্যা প্রকাশনার জন্য, অনুমোদনের বছর প্রকাশনার বছরের সমান। উদ্ভিদবিদ্যায় বছর সর্বদা বন্ধনীতে থাকে।
প্রাণীবিদ্যা: Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 উদ্ভিদবিদ্যা: Clematis viticella L. (1753)
উল্লেখ্য যে লেখক লেখক পাতার সাথে যুক্ত, যার জন্য উইকিপ্রজাতির নিবন্ধগুলির একটি সম্পূর্ণ অংশ রয়েছে। কিভাবে লেখকের নাম মোকাবেলা করতে হয় সে সম্পর্কে Help:Author Names এর সাথে পরামর্শ করুন।
কখনও কখনও একটি নির্দিষ্ট ট্যাক্সনে একাধিক লেখকের নাম দেওয়া হবে। সেক্ষেত্রে শেষ লেখকের জন্য একটি কমা বিভক্ত তালিকা এবং একটি & ব্যবহার করুন। স্বতন্ত্র নামগুলিকে লিঙ্ক বন্ধনীতে মোড়ানো এবং লেখকদের সম্পূর্ণ তালিকা নয়। যদি 4 জনের বেশি লেখক থাকে তবে এখানে "'এট আল।'" (এটি আলি) সংক্ষেপ ব্যবহার করা গ্রহণযোগ্য, যা "এবং অন্যদের" জন্য ল্যাটিন। এট আল শব্দগুচ্ছটি তির্যক করা উচিত এবং যেহেতু এটি একটি সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ, তাই সর্বদা সময়কাল অন্তর্ভুক্ত করুন। (অনুগ্রহ করে মনে রাখবেন যে reference section যেটি সরাসরি নামের সেকশনের পরে আসে, আপনার এত আল ব্যবহার করা উচিত নয়' সেখানে লেখকদের সম্পূর্ণ তালিকা অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা উচিত। যখন আপনি মূল উৎস বা প্রোটোলগ প্রদান করেন।)
In zoology parentheses around both an author name and year and in botany around an author are used only to indicate that the name is a subsequent combination, rather than the original combination used by the describing authority. In these cases, both original and subsequent combinations carry the name of the describing authority, but the original combination is always written without parentheses. Botanical names must include the name of the revising author (with no parentheses) after a new combination with the original author in parenthesis, but this practice is not generally used in zoology.
In this first case, Macracantha arcuata is the valid name, while the original name given by Fabricius is listed in the synonymy. The second case Clematis alpina was originally published under another name by Linnaeus and later recombined by Miller and the original combination may be found the synonymy, if it is accepted to be an earlier valid synonym.
In botany, the publication has assumed an important role in approval of a taxon name, as valid publication under the code grants approval on its own. Therefore, taxonomic treatments in contemporary scientific literature always use the author, date and publication in an abbreviated format. As Wikispecies is a scientific instrument we should use this convention both in the Name and Synonymy sections. In this Wikispecies follows the convention found in the International Plant Name Index and similar sites, such as World Checklist of Selected Plant families.
As Wikispecies has evolved it is now desirable to include a small amount of important additional information in the Name Section. In zoology type locality and location of the holotype are examples. In botany the type of the taxon is another, where the type species of a genus can be seen as essential taxonomic information.
Zoology: Wagimo signatus Butler, [1882].
Type Locality: Japan, Hokkaido, "Kuramatsunai, August".
Holotype: BMNH (Fenton).
Botany: Vella L., Sp. Pl. 2: 641 (1753).
Type species: Vella pseudocytisus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 641 (1753).
Type locality
Some sources provide information about holotypes. Holotypes are specimens of species on which the sanctioning author based his descriptions. Most of the time this is the first time such an organism was found. The type locality describes the place and environment where the holotype was found. Give as much detail as your sources provide.
Type locality: Ecuador, Esmeraldas Province, Cordillera de Toisán, Río Piedras, Los Pambiles, 00°32'N, 78°38'W, 1200 m elevation.
Type Locality শব্দটি শুধুমাত্র প্রজাতির স্তরে বা নিচের পাওয়া যাবে।
Type material
Holotypes (and other type material) are sometimes stored in museums, and thus the public is able to see what the specimen actually looks like. When such a specimen is stored, the specimen is given a 'tag', which contains a museum number, and an abbreviation of the museum itself. This allows specialists to do further research on already described species, and to check the description of the sanctioning author. All Holotypes are listed on the main Holotype page. The link should be directed to Holotype but masked by the caption of Museum abbreviations. (Click edit on this section to see how the example is done.)
Holotype: EPN 851241.
The Holotype can only be found on species rank or lower (for higher group, give type species or type genus instead). Use the appropriate word if the type is not a holotype (e.g. "Lectotype:", "Neotype:" etc.)
Synonyms or Synonymy
Taxonomy is a changeable branch of science. The status of various published names can change in the light of new knowledge. If it transpires that two taxa, previously described and given different names, are actually identical then the older name takes precedence and the newer name becomes a "synonym" of the older name. Quite often, authors will gain new information that suggests that a certain species should belong in a different Genus from that in which it was originally described. When the species is combined with a different generic name, a "New Combination" is formed. New combinations are not, strictly speaking, "Synonyms", but they are often listed along with synonyms when showing the taxonomic history of a taxon. If this section contains both synonyms and different combinations the heading may be titled "Synonymy" as this is a term that covers the complete history of all the names and combinations applied to an organism. Because visitors might look for the synonyms and different combinations, it is vital that the synonymy is presented. It is very helpful to place a list of synonyms in date rather than alphabetical order. It is common in botany to divide the synonymy into subgroups; its basionym (if this is relevant), homotypic and heterotypic (each with its own homotypic synonyms), which again is helpful for the visitor.
Add the synonyms/synonymy section as a level 3 subsection of the name section, and provide the information as a bulleted list.
Example Zoology:
=={{int:Name}}==
''Anthene liodes'' ({{a|William Chapman Hewitson|Hewitson}}, 1874).
==={{int:Synonymy}}===
*''Lycaenesthes liodes'' Hewitson, 1874: 349.
*''Lycaena adherbal'' Mabille, 1877: 217. Synonymy in Stempffer, 1967: 192.
*''Anthene liodes'' (Hewitson); Stempffer, 1967: 192. New combination.
Create also the Lycaenesthes liodes and Lycaena adherbal pages, and make it a redirect to the Anthene liodes page:
#REDIRECT [[Anthene liodes]]
উদাহরণ উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান:
=={{int:Name}}==
''Pinus clausa'' ({{aut|Chapman}} ex {{aut|Engelm.}}) {{aut|Vasey}} & {{aut|Sarg.}}, Rep. for. N. America 199. (1884)
==={{int:Synonyms}}===
{{BA}}
**''Pinus inops'' var. ''clausa'' {{aut|Chapm.}} ex {{aut|Engelm.}}, Bot. Gaz. 2: 125. (1877)
{{HOT}}
**''Pinus inops'' subsp. ''clausa'' ({{aut|Chapm.}} ex {{aut|Engelm.}}) {{aut|Engelm.}}, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 4: 177. (1880)
**''Pinus virginiana'' subsp. ''clausa'' ({{aut|Chapm.}} ex {{aut|Engelm.}}) {{aut|Eckenw.}}, Conifers World: 647. (2009)
{{HET}}
**''Pinus clausa'' var. ''immuginata'' {{aut|D.B.Ward}}, Castanea 28: 4. (1963)
**''Pinus clausa'' subsp. ''immuginata'' ({{aut|D.B.Ward}}) {{aut|A.E.Murray}}, Kalmia 13: 22. (1983)
সম্পূর্ণ উদাহরণ
A full name section would then be formatted as:
=={{int:Name}}==
''Glomus przelewicense'' {{a|Janusz Błaszkowski|Błaszk.}}, 1988.
Host-Substratum/Locality: From soil under ''[[Thuja occidentalis]]'': Poland
Holotype: {{Repository link|DPP}} 578
==={{int:Synonyms}}===
* ''Glomus przelewicensis'' {{aut|Błaszk.}}, 1988
* ''Diversispora przelewicensis'' {{a|Fritz Oehl|Oehl}}, 2011
এবং যখন সংরক্ষিত বা পূর্বরূপ করা হয়, এটি এইরকম দেখায়:
নাম
Glomus przelewicense Błaszk., 1988.
Host-Substratum/Locality: From soil under Thuja occidentalis: Poland
Holotype: DPP 578
Synonyms
- Glomus przelewicensis Błaszk., 1988
- Diversispora przelewicensis Oehl, 2011
Author templates
It is also a good idea to use the {{a}} and {{aut}} templates (in that order) for the author names, instead of common link brackets. They automatically format the author names using small caps. The {{a}} template also adds a wiki link for the author name, while the {{aut}} template does not:
=={{int:Name}}==
''Glomus przelewicense'' {{a|Janusz Błaszkowski|Błaszk.}}, 1988
Host-Substratum/Locality: From soil under ''[[Thuja occidentalis]]'': Poland
Holotype: {{Repository link|DPP}} 578
==={{int:Synonyms}}===
* ''Glomus przelewicensis'' {{aut|Błaszk.}}, 1988
এবং যখন সংরক্ষিত বা পূর্বরূপ করা হয়, এটি এইরকম দেখায়:
নাম
Glomus przelewicense Błaszk., 1988
Host-Substratum/Locality: From soil under Thuja occidentalis: Poland
Holotype: DPP 578
Synonyms
- Glomus przelewicensis Błaszk., 1988
Special: Reptile and Amphibian Nomenclature
- Names coined by Hoser: The nomenclatural chaos and taxonomic destabilization perpetrated by Hoser (2013, 2014a,b, 2018a,b, and multiple other works as documented in Wüster et al. 2021) has led to unprecedented scientific community reaction and rejection of the works in question. Hoser has repeatedly and continuously circumvented conventional and acceptable standards of scientific analysis and peer-review in his broadly sweeping and extensive self-produced taxonomies and nomenclatures. Though only coining 15 new turtle nomina to date, Hoser has attempted to promulgate a total of 1795 new taxon names (1453 reptiles, 290 frogs, 46 mammals, 4 spiders, and 2 fish) from 2000 through January 2021 (Wüster et al. 2021). We regard his actions as disruptive and unwarranted acts of nomenclatural destabilization in defiance of the guiding principles of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to promote nomenclatural stability (ICZN 1999), and also in contravention of its own recommended Code of Ethics. Further, we do not regard the self-produced documents circulated under the name Australasian Journal of Herpetology as objective scientific publications (Kaiser et al. 2013; Kaiser 2014; Rhodin et al. 2015; Wüster et al. 2021).
- In collaboration with a wide leadership group representing the global herpetological and zoological communities, we petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to use its plenary power to declare and treat Hoser’s works as nomenclaturally unavailable (Rhodin et al. 2015). In response, the ICZN (2021) has now issued an opinion on this and related petitions, in which the Commissioners declined to either formally confirm or reject the availability of Hoser’s names and self-produced works, and also indicated that they had no authority to uphold their own Code of Ethics.
- As a result of this opinion by ICZN, and in view of Hoser’s numerous nomenclaturally destabilizing novelties and confrontational unethical practices, we therefore now agree with and follow the recommendation by Wüster et al. (2021), including their 464 supportive zoologist signatories, to follow the scientific community’s outright rejection of Hoser’s work as being unscientific and disruptive, and the community’s strong support and acceptance of new replacement names (aspidonyms) as valid. We also agree with the analysis and recommendations by Krell (2021), who suggested that prevailing usage within the scientific community could serve as a potential solution to the problems created by Hoser’s approach. We therefore now regard all of Hoser’s turtle names as nomina rejecta and accept such replacement aspidonyms as are validly published, available, and scientifically justified based on best available objective analysis and peer-review.
Turtle Taxonomy Working Group. In press (2021). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (9th Ed.). Chelonian Research Monographs No. 8.
সরীসৃপ ডাটাবেস
The Reptile Database, the largest reptile checklist used here significantly has also released a statement saying they will not use names coined through taxonomic vandalism.
Scott Thomson (Faendalimas) talk 20:58, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
তথ্যসূত্র
- Krell, F.-T. 2021. Suppressing works of contemporary authors using the Code's publication requirements is neither easy nor advisable. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 78(1): 61–67. DOI: 10.21805/bzn.v78.a021 BiooneReference page.
- Wüster, W., Thomson, S.A., O'Shea, M. & Kaiser, H. 2021. Confronting taxonomic vandalism in biology: conscientious community self-organization can preserve nomenclatural stability. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133(3): 645–670. DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab009 BJLSReference page.
- Kaiser, H., Crother, B.I., Kelly, C.M.R., Luiselli, L., O’Shea, M., Ota, H., Passos, P., Schleip, W.D. & Wüster, W. 2013. Best practices: in the 21st Century, taxonomic decisions in herpetology are acceptable only when supported by a body of evidence and published via peer-review. Herpetological Review 44(1): 8–23. PDF
Reference page. - Rhodin, A.G.J., Kaiser, H., van Dijk, P.P., Wüster, W., O’Shea, M., Archer, M., Auliya, M., Boitani, L., Bour, R., Clausnitzer, V., Contreras-MacBeath, T., Crother, B.I., Daza, J.M., Driscoll, C.A., Flores-Villela, O., Frazier, J., Fritz, U., Gardner, A.L., Gascon, C., Georges, A., Glaw, F., Grazziotin, F.G., Groves, C.P., Haszprunar, G., Havaš, P., Hero, J-M., Hoffmann, M., Hoogmoed, M.S., Horne, B.D., Iverson, J.B., Jäch, M., Jenkins, C.L., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kiester, A.R., Keogh, J.S., Lacher, Jr., T.E., Lovich, J.E., Luiselli, L., Mahler, D.L., Mallon, D., Mast, R., McDiarmid, R.W., Measey, J., Mittermeier, R.A., Molur, S., Mosbrugger, V., Murphy, R.W., Naish, D., Niekisch, M., Ota, H., Parham, J.F., Parr, N.J., Pilcher, N.J., Pine, R.H., Rylands, A.B.., Sanderson, J.G., Savage, J.M., Schleip, W., Scrocchi, G.J., Shaffer, H.B., Smith, E.N., Sprackland, R., Stuart, S.N., Vetter, H., Vitt, L.J., Waller, T., Webb, G., Wilson, E.O., Zaher, H. & Thomson, S. 2015. Comment on Spracklandus Hoser, 2009 (Reptilia, Serpentes, Elapidae): request for confirmation of the availability of the generic name and for the nomenclatural validation of the journal in which it was described. Case 3601. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 72(1): 61–78. PDF. Reference page.
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