Viridiplantae

Ocimum × africanum

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Supergroup: Bikonta
Cladus: Archaeplastida
Cladus: Viridiplantae

Infrakingdom: Chlorophyta - Streptophyta
Superphyla: Charophyta - Embryophyta

[Note: this page is about Viridiplantae (= Plantae sensu Copeland, 1938, 1956). For other uses of Plantae, see:

• Plantae (L.)
• Archaeplastida or Plantae (= Plantae sensu Cavalier-Smith, 1981, 1998)
• Embryophyta (= Plantae sensu Margulis, 1971).]

Name

Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981

Synonyms

• Plantae Copeland, 1938, 1956
• Euchlorophyta Whittaker, 1969
• Chlorophyta sensu van den Hoek & Jahns, 1978
• Chlorobionta Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004
• Chlorobiota Kendrick and Crane 1997
• Chloroplastida Adl et al., 2005

References

• Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M.D. & Kirk, P.M. 2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 . [Correction in 10(6): e0130114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130114 .] Reference page. 

Links

• Viridiplantae – Taxon details on AlgaeBase.

• Viridiplantae – Taxon details on Fossilworks.
• Viridiplantae - Taxon details on iNaturalist.

• Viridiplantae – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
• Viridiplantae – Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

Vernacular names

français: Plantes vertes
magyar: Zöld színtestű növények

Alternative classifications

Copeland (1938)

Copeland, H.F. (1938). The kingdoms of organisms. Quart. Rev. Biol. 13, 383-420. From Minelli (1993, p. 131), [1].

• Monera
• Protista
• Plantae (green algae and land plants)
• Animalia

Whittaker (1969)

Whittaker, R. H. (1969). New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Science 163 (3863): 150–160.

• Kingdom Monera
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Plantae
  • Subkingdom Rhodophycophyta
  • Subkingdom Phaeophycophyta
  • Subkingdom Euchlorophyta
    • Branch Chlorophycophyta
      • Phylum Chlorophyta
      • Phylum Charophyta
    • Branch Metaphyta
      • Phylum Bryophyta
      • Phylum Tracheophyta
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Animalia

van den Hoek & Jahns (1978)

van den Hoek, C. and Jahns, H.M. (1978). Algen. Einführung in die Phykologie. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, [2], [3], [4].

• Chlorophyta
  • Chlorophytina
    • Chlorophyceae
    • Prasinophyceae
    • Charophyceae
  • Bryophytina
  • Tracheophytina

Cavalier-Smith (1981)

• Cavalier-Smith, T. 1981. Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? Biosystems 14(3–4): 461–481. DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818. Reference page. 

Nine eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 462]

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom 1. Eufungi
  • Kingdom 2. Ciliofungi
  • Kingdom 3. Animalia
  • Kingdom 4. Biliphyta
  • Kingdom 5. Viridiplantae
  • Kingdom 6. Euglenozoa
  • Kingdom 7. Protozoa
  • Kingdom 8. Cryptophyta
  • Kingdom 9. Chromophyta

Five eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 476-477]

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom 1. Fungi (Ciliofungi + Eufungi)
  • Kingdom 2. Chromista (Cryptophyta + Chromophyta)
  • Kingdom 3. Plantae (Viridiplantae + Biliphyta)
  • Kingdom 4. Protista (Euglenozoa + Protozoa)
  • Kingdom 5. Animalia

Seven eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 478]

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Fungi
  • Kingdom Viridiplantae
    • Phylum Chlorophyta
    • Phylum Bryophyta
    • Phylum Tracheophyta
  • Kingdom Biliphyta
    • Phylum Biliphyta
      • Class Rhodophyceae
      • Class Glaocophyceae
  • Kingdom Chromista
  • Kingdom Animalia
  • Kingdom Euglenozoa
  • Kingdom Protozoa

Cavalier-Smith (1998)

From A revised six-kingdom system of life, [5].

Empire or Superkingdom Eukaryota

• Kingdom Plantae Haeckel 1866 em. Cavalier-Smith 1981
  • Subkingdom 1. Biliphyta Cavalier-Smith 1981 [probably paraphyletic]
    • Infrakingdom 1. Glaucophyta infraking. nov.
    • Infrakingdom 2. Rhodophyta infraking. nov.
  • Subkingdom 2. Viridaeplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981
    • Infrakingdom 1. Chlorophyta Cavalier-Smith 1993
    • Infrakingdom 2. Cormophyta Endlicher 1836 stat. nov.

Hausmann et al. (2003)

From Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. Protistology. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003.

Empire Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 (= Eukarya)

• Phylum Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981 (Chlorobionta)
  • Subphylum Chlorophyta Pascher, 1914
    • Prasinomads
    • Class Ulvophyceae Mattox & Stewart, 1984
    • Class Trebouxiophyceae Friedl,1995
    • Class Chlorophyceae Christensen, 1994 (Phytomonadea)
      • Order Volvocida France, 1894 (Volvocales)
      • Order Chlorococcales Marchand, 1895
  • Subphylum Streptophyta Jeffrey, 1982
    • Class Mesostigmatophyceae Marin & Melkonian, 1999
    • Class Chlorokybophyceae Bremer, 1985
    • Class Klebsormidiophyceae van den Hoek et al., 1995
    • Class Conjugatophyceae Engler, 1892 (Zygnematophyceae)

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

• Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M.D. & Kirk, P.M. 2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 . [Correction in 10(6): e0130114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130114 .] Reference page. 

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
    • Subkingdom Biliphyta
      • Phylum Glaucophyta
      • Phylum Rhodophyta
    • Subkingdom Viridiplantae
      • Infrakingdom Chlorophyta
      • Infrakingdom Streptophyta
        • Superphylum Charophyta
        • Superphylum Embryophyta
          • Phylum Anthocerotophyta
          • Phylum Bryophyta
          • Phylum Marchantiophyta
          • Phylum Tracheophyta