Charophyta

Chara fragilis

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Charophyta
Classes: Charophyceae - Chlorokybophyceae - Coleochaetophyceae - Klebsormidiophyceae - Mesostigmatophyceae - Zygnematophyceae
Ordines: Charales - Chlorokybales - Coleochaetales - Desmidiales - Klebsormidiales - Mesostigmatales - Zygnematales
Genera: †Pseudoharrisichara

Name

Charophyta Haeckel, Gen. Morph. Org. 2: xxv. 1866.

1. Charophyta Haeckel sensu Migula, 1897 [= Charales]

• Synonyms
  • Charophyceae Smith, 1938
  • Characeae Rabenhorst, 1863

2. Charophyta Haeckel sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993; Leliaert et al., 2012; Ruggiero et al., 2015 [= Charales + other green algae]

• Synonyms
  • Charophyceae Mattox & Stewart, 1984
  • Streptophycophytes de Reviers, 2002

3. Charophyta Haeckel sensu Lewis & McCourt, 2004; Karol et al. 2009 [= Charales + other green algae + Embryophyta]

• Synonyms
  • Streptophyta Bremer, 1985; de Reviers 2002; Leliaert et al. 2012
  • Streptobionta Kenrick & Crane, 1997

Alternative classifications

Pascher (1931)

• Pascher, A. 1931. Systematische Übersicht über die mit Flagellaten in Zusammenhang stehenden Algenreihen und Versuch einer Einreihung dieser Algenstämme in die Stämme des Pflanzenreiches. Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt. Zweite Abteilung 48: 317–332. Biblioteca Digital. Reference page. 
• Chlorophyta [p. 327]
  • Chlorophyceae
  • Conjugatae
• Charophyta

Round (1971)

Round, F.E. (1971). "The taxonomy of the Chlorophyta, 2". Brit. phycol. J. 6 (2): 235–264, [1].

• "green algae"
  • Euglenophyta
  • Prasinophyta
  • Charophyta
  • Chlorophyta

Cavalier-Smith (1993)

From Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla, [2].

Empire Eukaryota

• Superkingdom 1. Archezoa
• Superkingdom 2. Metakaryota
  • Kingdom 1. Protozoa
  • Kingdom 2. Plantae
    • Subkingdom 1. Viridiplantae
      • Division Chlorophyta
      • Division Charophyta
      • Division Embryophyta
    • Subkingdom 2. Biliphyta
  • Kingdom 3. Animalia
  • Kingdom 4. Fungi
  • Kingdom 5. Chromista
    • Subkingdom 1. Chlorarachnia
    • Subkingdom 2. Euchromista (cryptomonads, Goniomonas, heterokonts, and haptophytes)

Doweld (2001)

• Doweld, A.B. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX + 110 pp. Moscow: Geos. ISBN 5-89118-283-1. Фундаментальная электронная библиотека «Флора и фауна» DJVU Google Books Reference page. 

• Regnum Chlorobiota C. Jeffrey ex Doweld, 2001
  • Subregnum Chlorococcobiotina Doweld, 2001

• • • Phylum Micrinomonadophyta Doweld, 2001
    • Phylum Chlorococcophyta Engler, 1909
    • Phylum Chlamydomonadophyta Doweld, 2001
    • Phylum Ulvophyta Doweld, 2001
    • Phylum Oedogoniophyta Doweld, 2001

• • Subregnum Charobiota Doweld, 2001

• • • Phylum Mesostigmatophyta Doweld, 2001
    • Phylum Chlorokybophyta Doweld, 2001
    • Phylum Klebsormidiophyta Doweld, 2001
    • Phylum Zygnematophyta J.H. Schaffner, 1922 (= Conjugatophyta auctt.)
    • Phylum Charophyta Haeckel, 1866
    • Phylum Coleochaetophyta Doweld, 2001

• • Subregnum Bryobiotina D.H. Campbell, 1891 ("Bryophyta")
  • Subregnum Lycopodiobiotina Doweld, 2001
  • Subregnum Pteridobiotina Britton & Brown, 1896

Lewis & McCourt (2004)

• Lewis, L.A. & McCourt, R.M. 2004. Green algae and the origin of land plants. American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1535–1556. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535 Reference page. 

• Division Charophyta (charophyte algae and embryophytes)
  • Class Mesostigmatophyceae (mesostigmatophytes)
  • Class Chlorokybophyceae (chlorokybophytes)
  • Class Klebsormidiophyceae (klebsormidiophytes)
  • Class Zygnemophyceae (conjugates)
    • Order Zygnematales (filamentous conjugates and saccoderm desmids)
    • Order Desmidiales (placoderm desmids)
  • Class Coleochaetophyceae (coleochaetophytes)
    • Order Coleochaetales
  • Subdivision Streptophytina
    • Class Charophyceae (reverts to use of GM Smith)
      • Order Charales (charophytes sensu stricto)
    • Class Embryophyceae (embryophytes)

Adl et al. (2012)

• Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page. 

Eukaryota

• Archaeplastida Adl et al. 2005
  • Glaucophyta Skuja 1954 (Glaucocystophyta Kies & Kremer 1986)
  • Rhodophyceae Thuret 1855, emend. Rabenhorst 1863 (Rhodophyta Wettstein 1901, Rhodoplantae Saunders & Hommersand 2004) emend. Adl et al. 2005
  • Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2005 (Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981)
    • Chlorophyta Pascher 1914, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004
    • Charophyta Migula 1897, emend. Karol et al. 2009 (Charophyceae Smith 1938, Mattox & Stewart 1984)
      • Chlorokybus Geitler 1942 (Chlorokybophyceae Lewis & McCourt 2004) (M)
      • Mesostigma Lauterborn 1894 (Mesostigmatophyceae Marin & Melkonian 1999, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004; Mesostigmata Turmel et al. 2002) (M)
      • Klebsormidiophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995
      • Phragmoplastophyta Lecointre & Guyander 2006
        • Zygnematophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995, emend. Hall et al. 2009
        • Coleochaetophyceae Jeffrey 1982
        • Streptophyta Jeffrey 1967
          • Charophyceae Smith 1938, emend. Karol et al. 2009 (Charales Lindley 1836; Charophytae Engler 1887)
          • Embryophyta Engler 1886, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004 (Cormophyta Endlicher 1836; Plantae Haeckel 1866)

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

Leliaert et al. (2012)

• Leliaert, F., Smith, D.R., Moreau, H., Herron, M.D., Verbruggen, H., Delwiche, C.F. & De Clerck, O. 2012. Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31(1): 1–46. DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2011.615705 PDF Reference page. 

Viridiplantae

• Chlorophyta
• Streptophyta
  • charophytes
    • Mesostigmatophyceae
    • Chlorokybophyceae
    • Klebsormidiophyceae
    • Charophyceae
    • Zygnematophyceae
    • Coleochaetophyceae
  • Embryophyta (land plants)

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [3].

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
    • Subkingdom Biliphyta
      • Phylum Glaucophyta
        • Class Glaucophyceae
          • Order Glaucocystales
      • Phylum Rhodophyta
    • Subkingdom Viridiplantae
      • Infrakingdom Chlorophyta
      • Infrakingdom Streptophyta
        • Superphylum Charophyta
          • Phylum Charophyta
            • Class Charophyceae
              • Order Charales
            • Class Chlorokybophyceae
              • Order Chlorokybales
            • Class Coleochaetophyceae
              • Order Chaetosphaeridiales
              • Order Coleochaetales
            • Class Conjugatophyceae [= Zygnematophyceae]
              • Order Desmidiales
              • Order Zygnematales
            • Class Klebsormidiophyceae
              • Order Klebsormidiales
            • Class Mesostigmatophyceae
              • Order Mesostigmatales
        • Superphylum Embryophyta
          • Phylum Anthocerotophyta
          • Phylum Bryophyta
          • Phylum Marchantiophyta
          • Phylum Tracheophyta

References

Primary references

• Haeckel, E. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenztheorie. Zweiter Band: Allgemeine Entwickelungsgeschichte der Organismen. clx + 462 pp., pls I–VIII. Berlin: Georg Reimer. BHL Reference page. 

Additional references

• Leliaert, F., Smith, D.R., Moreau, H., Herron, M.D., Verbruggen, H., Delwiche, C.F. & De Clerck, O. 2012. Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31(1): 1–46. DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2011.615705 PDF Reference page. 
• Mattox, K.R. & Stewart, K.D. (1984) "Classification of the green algae: A concept based on comparative cytology". Pages 29-72 in D.E.G. Irvine & D.M. John, eds., Systematics of the Green Algae, Systematics Association Special Volume 27 (London & Orlando: Academic Press).
• Migula, W. 1895—1897. Die Characeen. In: Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz. Zweite Auflage (2nd ed.), Vol. 5. p. 94
• Novis, P.M. & Visnovsky, G. 2011. Novel alpine algae for New Zealand: Klebsormidiales. New Zealand journal of botany 49(3): 339–349. DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.2011.563423 . Reference page. 
• Tree of Life: Green Plants [4]
• Broady, P.A., Flint, E.A., Nelson, W.A., Cassie Cooper, V., De Winton, M.D. & Novis, P.M. 2012. 23. Phyla Chlorophyta and Charophyta: green algae. Pp. 347-381 in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) 2012. New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume 3. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand. Reference page.  Reference page. 

Vernacular names

беларуская: Харавыя водарасці
English: Charophytes
eesti: Mändvetiktaimed, Mändvetikad
magyar: Csillárkamoszatok
македонски: Харови алги
русский: Харофиты
Türkçe: Su şamdanları
Tiếng Việt: Ngành Luân tảo
中文: 轮藻门

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