Pyrginae

Nisoniades macarius

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Papilionoidea

Superregnum: Eukaryota Cladus: Unikonta Cladus: Opisthokonta Cladus: Holozoa Regnum: Animalia Subregnum: Eumetazoa Cladus: Bilateria Cladus: Nephrozoa Cladus: Protostomia Cladus: Ecdysozoa Cladus: Panarthropoda Phylum: Arthropoda Cladus: Pancrustacea Cladus: Allotriocarida Subphylum: Hexapoda Classis: Insecta Cladus: Dicondylia Subclassis: Pterygota Cladus: Metapterygota Infraclassis: Neoptera Cladus: Eumetabola Cladus: Endopterygota Superordo: Panorpida Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera Ordo: Lepidoptera Subordo: Glossata Cladus: Coelolepida Cladus: Myoglossata Cladus: Neolepidoptera Infraordo: Heteroneura Cladus: Eulepidoptera Cladus: Ditrysia Cladus: Apoditrysia Cladus: Obtectomera Superfamilia: Papilionoidea

Familia: Hesperiidae
Subfamilia: Pyrginae
Tribus (4): Achlyodidini –Carcharodini –Erynnini –Pyrgini

Name

Pyrginae Burmeister, 1878.

Typus

Pyrgus Hübner, [1819]: 109.

Synonymy

♦ Pyrgidae Burmeister, 1878: 245.
♦ Pyrginae Burmeister; Lepindex.
♦ Erynninae Brues & Melander, 1932: 236.

References

• Evans, W.H. 1949. A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). xix+502pp., 53 pls. BMNH, London. Reference page. 
• Ackery, P.R., de Jong, R. & Vane-Wright, R.I. 1999. The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea. in Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology 4(35): 263–300 (ed. N.P. Kristensen). Berlin: de Gruyter. Reference page. 
• Austin, G.T. 2008. Hesperiidae of Rondônia, Brazil: Taxonomic comments on "night" skippers, with descriptions of new genera and species (Lepidoptera: Eudaminae). Insecta Mundi 29: 1–36. PDF. Reference page. 
• Austin, G.T. 2008b. Hesperiidae of Rondônia, Brazil: a new genus and species of Carcharodini (Pyrginae). Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 158: 1–7. Reference page. 
• Bell, E.L., 1956. Descriptions of some new species of neotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). American Museum novitates 1778: 1–13. PDF.Reference page. 
• Brues, C. & Melander, A. 1932. Classification of Insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 73: 672pp., 1121 figs. BHL. Reference page. 
• Burmeister, H. 1878. Description physique de la République Argentine... Vol. 5: Lépidoptères (1). Paris & Buenos Aires, vi+524pp, 24 pls. BHL Reference page. 
• Devyatkin, A.L. 2001. Hesperiidae of Vietnam, 9. Three new species and one new subspecies from the subfamily Pyrginae (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Atalanta 32(3/4): 403–410. Reference page. 
• Grishin, N.V. 2012. Uncus shaped akin to elephant tusks defines a new genus for two very different-in-appearance Neotropical skippers (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae). The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 45: 101–112. Reference page. 
• Hayward, K.J., 1948. Genera et Species Animalium Argentinorum. Vol. 1. Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyrrhopyginae et Pyrginae. Buenos Aires. G. Kraft Ltd. 389pp, 27pls. Reference page. 
• Lamas, G. 2004. (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In Heppner, J.B. (ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol.5A, Pt.4A. Assn. for Tropical Lepidoptera/Scientific Publishers, Gainesville. 439pp. Reference page. 
• Li, W., Cong. Q., Shen, J.H., Zhang, J., Hallwachs, W., Janzen, D.H. & Grishin, N.V. 2019. Genomes of skipper butterflies reveal extensive convergence of wing patterns. PNAS 116(13): 6232–6237. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821304116. Text. SI Appendix. Reference page. 
• Miller, L.D. 1971. Descriptions of new species and notes on other Hesperiidae of Africa. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 2: 1–17. PDF. Reference page. 
• Maruyama, K. & J. Uehara, 2008. Two new species and one new subspecies of Pyrginae (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) from Sumatra and Laos. Lepidoptera Science 59(4): 285-290. Reference page. 
• Sahoo, R.K., Warren, A.D., Wahlberg, N., Brower, A.V.Z., Lukhtanov, V.A. & Kodandaramaiah, U. 2016. Ten genes and two topologies: an exploration of higher relationships in skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae). PeerJ 4: e2653. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2653 Reference page. 
• Steinhauser, S.R., 1989. Taxonomic notes and descriptions of new taxa in the neotropical Hesperiidae. Part I. Pyrginae. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 127: 1–70. Reference page. 
• Toussaint, E.F.A., Breinholt, J.W., Earl, C., Warren, A.D., Brower, A.V.Z., Yago, M., Dexter, K.M., Espeland, M., Pierce, N.E., Lohman, D.J. & Kawahara, A.Y. 2018. Anchored phylogenomics illuminates the skipper butterfly tree of life. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18: 101. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1216-z Reference page. 
• Warren, A.D., Ogawa, J.R. & Brower, A.V.Z. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics 24(5): 642–676. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00218.x PDF Reference page. 
• Warren, A.D., Ogawa, J.R. & Brower, A.V.Z. 2009. Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology 34(3): 467–523. Reference page. 
• Zhang, J., Cong. Q., Shen, J.H., Brockmann, E. & Grishin, N.V. 2019. Three new subfamilies of skipper butterflies (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). ZooKeys 861: 91–105. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.861.34686 Reference page. 

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Vernacular names

日本語: チャマダラセセリ亜科