Bilateria

Taxonavigation
editSuperregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladi (Ruggiero et al. (2015)):
Deuterostomia –
Protostomia
Cladi (Cannon et al. (2016)):
Nephrozoa –
Xenacoelomorpha
Extant phyla (29):
Acanthocephala –
Annelida –
Arthropoda –
Brachiopoda –
Ectoprocta –
Chaetognatha –
Chordata –
Cycliophora –
Dicyemida –
Echinodermata –
Entoprocta –
Gastrotricha –
Gnathostomulida –
Hemichordata –
Kinorhyncha –
Loricifera –
Micrognathozoa –
Mollusca –
Nematoda –
Nematomorpha –
Nemertea –
Onychophora –
Orthonectida –
Phoronida –
Platyhelminthes –
Priapulida –
Rotifera –
Tardigrada –
Xenacoelomorpha
Genera:
†Kimberella
Name
editBilateria Hatschek, 1888
Synonymy
edit- Triploblasts Lankester, 1873
References
editPrimary references
edit- Hatschek, B. 1888–1891. Lehrbuch der Zoologie, eine morphologische Übersicht des Thierreiches zur Einführung in das Studium dieser Wissenschaft. Jena, Gustav Fischer. vol. 1 [1888], pp. i-iv, 1–144, vol. 2 [1889], pp. 145–304; vol. 3 [1891], pp. 305–432. BHL Reference page.
Additional references
editPhylogeny
edit- Balavoine, G. & Adoutte, A. 1998. One or three Cambrian radiations? Science 280(5362): 397–398. DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5362.397 . Reference page.
- Cannon, J.T., Vellutini, B.C., Smith, J., Ronquist, F., Jondelius, U. & Hejnol, A. 2016. Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530 (7588): 89–93. DOI: 10.1038/nature16520 . Reference page.
- Hejnol, A., Obst, M., Stamatakis, A., Ott, M., Rouse, G.W., Edgecombe, G.D., Martinez, P., Baguñà, J., Bailly, X., Jondelius, U., Wiens, M., Müller W.E.G., Seaver, E., Wheer, W.C., Martindale, M.Q., Giribet, G. & Dunn, C.W. 2009. Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 276(1677): 4261–4270. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0896 . Reference page.
- Jondelius, U., Ruiz-Trillo, I., Baguñà, J. & Riutort, M. 2002. The Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians and not members of the Platyhelminthes. Zoologica Scripta 31(2): 201–215. DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00090.x . Reference page.
- Lartillot, N. & Philippe, H. 2008. Improvement of molecular phylogenetic inference and the phylogeny of Bilateria. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363: 1463–1472. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2236 . Reference page.
- Paps, J., Baguñà, J. & Riutort, M. 2009. Bilaterian phylogeny: a broad sampling of 13 nuclear genes provides a new Lophotrochozoa phylogeny and supports a paraphyletic basal Acoelomorpha. Molecular Biology and Evolution 26(10): 2397–2406. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp150 . Reference page.
- Rieger, R. & Ladurner, P. 2001. Searching for the stem species of the Bilateria. Belgian Journal of Zoology 131(supplement 1): 27–34. PDF. Reference page.
- Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M.D. & Kirk, P.M. 2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 . [Correction in 10(6): e0130114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130114 .] Reference page.
- Wallberg, A., Curini-Galletti, M., Ahmadzadeh, A. & Jondelius, U. 2007. Dismissal of Acoelomorpha: Acoela and Nemertodermatida are separate early bilaterian clades. Zoologica Scripta 36(5): 509–523. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00295.x . Reference page.
- Zrzavý, J. 2002. Gastrotricha and metazoan phylogeny. Zoologica Scripta 32(1): 61–81. DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00104.x . Reference page.
Vernacular names
editالعربية: ثنائيات التناظر
Boarisch: Zwaaseitenviecher
беларуская: Двухбакова-сіметрычныя
български: Двустранносиметрични
català: Bilateri
Deutsch: Zweiseitentiere
English: Bilaterians
eesti: Kahekülgsed
suomi: Kaksikylkiset
Nordfriisk: Twiisidjeten
français: Bilatériens
magyar: Kétoldali szimmetriájú állatok
日本語: 左右相称動物上門 (さゆうそうしょうどうぶつじょうもん)
한국어: 좌우대칭동물(左右對稱動物)
македонски: Животни со билатерална симетрија
norsk: Bilaterier
occitan: Bilaterians
polski: Zwierzęta dwubocznie symetryczne
português: Bilaterados
русский: Двусторонне-симметричные
svenska: Tvåsidiga djur
Türkçe: Bilateral simetrililer
中文: 左右对称动物
Boarisch: Zwaaseitenviecher
беларуская: Двухбакова-сіметрычныя
български: Двустранносиметрични
català: Bilateri
Deutsch: Zweiseitentiere
English: Bilaterians
eesti: Kahekülgsed
suomi: Kaksikylkiset
Nordfriisk: Twiisidjeten
français: Bilatériens
magyar: Kétoldali szimmetriájú állatok
日本語: 左右相称動物上門 (さゆうそうしょうどうぶつじょうもん)
한국어: 좌우대칭동물(左右對稱動物)
македонски: Животни со билатерална симетрија
norsk: Bilaterier
occitan: Bilaterians
polski: Zwierzęta dwubocznie symetryczne
português: Bilaterados
русский: Двусторонне-симметричные
svenska: Tvåsidiga djur
Türkçe: Bilateral simetrililer
中文: 左右对称动物