Diptera

Unidentified Syrphidae

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Cladus: Pancrustacea
Cladus: Allotriocarida
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Holometabola
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Antliophora
Ordo: Diptera
Subordines (2): Brachycera – Nematocera

Name

Diptera Linnaeus, 1758

References

Primary references

• Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL Reference page. 

Additional references

• Amorim, D.S. & Yeates, D. 2006. Pesky gnats: ridding dipteran classification of the Nematocera. Studia dipterologica 13: 3–9. PDF.
• Bertone, M.A., Courtney, G.W. & Wiegmann, B.M. 2008: Phylogenetics and temporal diversification of the earliest true flies (Insecta: Diptera) based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Entomology 33: 668–687. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00437.x
• Bickel, D. 2009. Biogeography of Diptera in the southwest Pacific. pp. 257–275 in: Pape, T., Bickel, D. & Meier, R. (eds.) 2009. Diptera diversity: status, challenges and tools. Koninklijke Brill NV.
• Bickel, D. 2009. Why Hilara is not amusing: the problem of open-ended taxa and the limits of taxonomic knowledge. pp. 279–301 in: Pape, T., Bickel, D. & Meier, R. (eds.) 2009. Diptera diversity: status, challenges and tools. Koninklijke Brill NV.
• Borkent, A. 2018. The State of Phylogenetic Analysis: Narrow Visions and Simple Answers —Examples from the Diptera (flies). Zootaxa 4374(1): 107–143. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4374.1.7 Full article (PDF) Reference page. 
• Borkent, A. & Brown, B.V. 2015. How to inventory tropical flies (Diptera)—One of the megadiverse orders of insects. Zootaxa 3949(3): 301–322. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3949.3.1. Preview (PDF) Full article (PDF) Reference page. 
• Borkent, A., Brown, B.V., Adler, P.H., Amorim, D. de S., Barber, K.N., Bickel, D.J., Boucher, S., Brooks, S.E., Burger, J., Burington, Z.L., Capellari, R.S., Costa, D.N.R., Cumming, J.M., Curler, G., Dick, C.W., Epler, J.H., Fisher, E., Gaimari, S.D., Gelhaus, J., Grimaldi, D.A., Hash, J., Hauser, M., Hippa, H., Ibáñez-Bernal, S., Jaschhof, M., Kameneva, E.P., Kerr, P.H., Korneyev, V., Korytkowski, C.A.(†), Kung, G-A., Kvifte, G.M., Lonsdale, O., Marshal, S.A., Mathis, W.N., Michelsen, V., Naglis, S., Norrbom, A.L., Paiero, S.M., Pape, T., Pereira-Colavite, A., Pollet, M., Rochefort, S., Rung, A., Runyon, J., Savage, J., Silva, V.C., Sinclair, B.J., Skevington, J.H., Stireman, J.O. III, Swann, J., Vilkamaa, P., Wheeler, T.(†), Whitworth, T.L., Wong, M.A., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E., Yau, T., Zavortnik, T.J. & Zumbado, M.A. 2018. Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest: Why inventory is a vital science. Zootaxa 4402(1): 53–90. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4402.1.3. Full article (PDF) Reference page. 
• Chaladze, G. 2017. Taxonomy should be more photography based–eliminate need of physical specimen to study morphology. Zootaxa 4247(3): 331–331. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4247.3.6. Reference page. 
• Convey, P. & Block, W. 1996. Antarctic Diptera: ecology, physiology and distribution. European Journal of Entomology 93: 1–13. PDF.
• Courtney, G.W. et al. 2009: Biodiversity of Diptera. pp. 185–222 in: Foottit, R.G. & Adler, P.H. (eds.) 2009. Insect biodiversity: science and society. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781405151429
• Crosskey, R. (ed.) 1980. Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London. 1437 pp. ISBN 0-565-00821-8. BHL. Reference page. 
• Erwin, T. 2013. Book review: FLIES – The Natural History and Diversity of Diptera. Stephen A. Marshall (2012) Firefly Press Ltd., 616 pp. ZooKeys 261: 85–86. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.261.4628 . Reference page. 
• Evenhuis, N.L. 2010. Type designations of Diptera (Insecta) in the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana. Zootaxa 2653: 37–50. Preview. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2653.1.2 . Plazi. Reference page. 
• Evenhuis, N.L. & Pape, T. 2017. Battling the un-dead: the status of the Diptera genus-group names originally proposed in Johann Wilhelm Meigen’s 1800 pamphlet. Zootaxa 4275(1): 1–74. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4275.1.1. Reference page. 
• Evenhuis, N.L., Pape, T. & Pont, A.C. 2016. Nomenclatural Studies Toward a World List of Diptera Genus-Group Names. Part V: Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart. Zootaxa 4172(1): 1–211. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4172.1.1 . Full article (PDF) ISBN 978-1-77557-528-3 (paperback); ISBN 978-1-77557-529-0 (Online edition) Reference page. 
• Evenhuis, N.L., O'Hara, J.E., Pape, T. & Pont, A.C. 2010. Nomenclatural studies toward a world list of Diptera genus-group Names. Part I: André-Jean-Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy. Zootaxa 2373: 1–265. Preview PDF DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2373.1.1 Reference page. 
• Evenhuis, N.L., Pape, T. & Pont, A.C. 2008. The problems of subsequent typification in genus-group names and use of the Zoological Record: a study of selected post-1930 Diptera genus-group names without type species designations. Zootaxa 1912: 1–44. Abstract & excerpt. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1912.1.1 . PDF. Reference page. 
• Friedemann, K., Schneeberg, K. & Beutel, R.G. 2014. Fly on the wall – attachment structures in lower Diptera. Systematic Entomology 39(3): 460–473. DOI: 10.1111/syen.12064 Reference page. 
• El-Hawagry, M.S., Abdel-Dayem, M.S., Elgharbawy, A.A. & Al Dhafer, H.M. 2016. A preliminary account of the fly fauna in Jabal Shada al-A’la Nature Reserve, Saudi Arabia, with new records and biogeographical remarks (Diptera, Insecta). ZooKeys 636: 107–139. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.636.9905 Reference page. 
• Ivković, M., Dorić, V., Baranov, V., Mihaljević, Z., Kolcsár, L-P., Kvifte, G.M., Nerudova, J. & Pont, A.C. 2020. Checklist of aquatic Diptera (Insecta) of Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia, a UNESCO world heritage site. ZooKeys, 918: 99–142. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.918.49648 Reference page. 
• Kettani, K., Ebejer, M.J., Ackland, D.M.(†), Bächli, G., Barraclough, D.A., Barták, M., Carles-Tolrá, M., Černý, M., Cerretti, P., Chandler, P., Dakki, M., Daugeron, C., de Jong, H., Dils, J., Disney, H., Droz, B., Evenhuis, N.L., Gatt, P., Graciolli, G., Grichanov, I.Ya., Haenni, J.-P., Hauser, M., Himmi, O., MacGowan, I., Mathieu, B., Mouna, M., Munari, L., Nartshuk, E.P., Negrobov, O.P.(†), Oosterbroek, P., Pape, T., Pont, A.C., Popov, G.V., Rognes, K.(†), Skuhravá, M., Skuhravý, V.(†), Speight, M., Tomasovic, G., Trari, B., Tschorsnig, H.-P., Vala, J.-C., von Tschirnhaus, M., Wagner, R., Whitmore, D., Woźnica, A.J., Zatwarnicki, T. & Zwick, P. 2022. Catalogue of the Diptera (Insecta) of Morocco— an annotated checklist, with distributions and a bibliography. ZooKeys 1094: 1–466. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1094.62644 . Reference page. 
• Krzemiński, W. & Krzemińska, E. 2003. Triassic Diptera: descriptions, revisions and phylogenetic relations. Acta zoologica cracoviensia 46(suppl.– Fossil Insects): 153–184. PDF. Reference page. 
• Lambkin, C.L., Sinclair, B.J., Pape, T., Courtney, G.W., Skevington, J.H., Meier, R., Yeates, D.K., Blagoderov, V. & Wiegmann, B.M. 2013. The phylogenetic relationships among infraorders and superfamilies of Diptera based on morphological evidence. Systematic Entomology 38(1): 164–179. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00652.x .
• Lukashevich, E.D., Przhiboro, A.A., Marchal-Papier, F. & Grauvogel-Stamm, L. 2010. The oldest occurrence of immature Diptera (Insecta), Middle Triassic, France. Annales de la Société entomologique de France (n.s.) 46(1–2): 4–22. DOI: 10.1080/00379271.2010.10697636 . Reference page. 
• Pape, T., Bickel, D. & Meier, R. (eds.) 2009. Diptera diversity: status, challenges and tools. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 90 04 14897 3
• Pape, T., Blagoderov, V. & Mostovski, M.B. 2011. Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758. Pp 222–229 In Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) 2011. Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 1–237. Open access. Reference page. . (PDF) Reference page. 
• Sabrosky, C.W. 1999. Family-Group Names in Diptera. Pp. 1–360. In: Thompson, F.C. (ed.). Family-group names in Diptera and Bibliography. Myia 10: 576 pp. PDF.
• Savage, J., Borkent, A., Brodo, F., Cumming, J.M., Curler, G., Currie, D.C., deWaard, J.R., Gibson, J.F., Hauser, M., Laplante,L., Lonsdale, O., Marshall, S.A., O'Hara, J.E., Sinclair, B.J. & Skevington, J.H. 2019. Diptera of Canada. Pp 397–450. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.819.27625 Reference page. 
• Starý, J. 2008. The wing stalk in Diptera, with some notes on the higher-level phylogeny of the order. European Journal of Entomology 105(1): 27–33. DOI: 10.14411/eje.2008.003 .
• Wagner, R., Barták, M., Borkent, A., Courtney, G., Goddeeris, B., Haenni, J.-P., Knutson, L., Pont, A., Rotheray, G.E., Rozkošný, R., Sinclair, B., Woodley, N., Zatwarnicki, T. & Zwick, P. 2008. Global diversity of dipteran families (Insecta Diptera) in freshwater (excluding Simulidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae, Tipulidae and Tabanidae). Hydrobiologia 595: 489–519. DOI: 10.1007/s10750-007-9127-9 . Reference page. 
• Wolff, M.I., Nihei, S.S. & Carvalho, C.J.B. de (eds.), 2016. Catalogue of Diptera of Colombia. Zootaxa 4122(1): 1–949. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.1 Title Page (PDF). ISBN 978-1-77557-961-8 (paperback); ISBN 978-1-77557-962-5 (Online edition). Reference page. 
• Wolff, M., Nihei, S.S. & Carvalho, C.J.B. de 2016. Catalogue of Diptera of Colombia: an introduction. Zootaxa 4122(1): 8–14. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.3. Full article (PDF) Reference page. 
• Yeates, D.K., Bickel, D., McAlpine, D.K. & Colless, D.H. 2009. Diversity, relationships and biogeography of Australian flies. pp. 227–256 in: Pape, T., Bickel, D. & Meier, R. (eds.) 2009: Diptera diversity: status, challenges and tools. Koninklijke Brill NV.
• Yeates, D.K., Wiegmann, B.M., Courtney, G.W., Meier, R. & Pape, T. 2007. Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: two decades of progress and prospects. pp. 565–590 In: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (eds) Linnaeus tercentenary: progress in invertebrate taxonomy. Zootaxa 1668: 1–766. PDF.

Links

• Systema Dipterorum Version 5.0. Last updated: 7 January 2024
• Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions (online version)
• Catalog of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera) (Version 2.0)

Vernacular names

Afrikaans: vlieë
Alemannisch: Zweefligler
aragonés: Dipteros
беларуская: Двухкрылыя
български: Двукрили
čeština: Dvoukřídlí
dansk: Tovinger
Deutsch: Zweiflügler
Ελληνικά: Μύγες
English: two winged flies, true flies, flies
Esperanto: Dipteroj
español: Dípteros
eesti: Kahetiivalised
فارسی: دوبالان
suomi: Kaksisiipiset
Nordfriisk: Twiijügeten
français: Diptère
עברית: זבובאים
magyar: Kétszárnyúak
Bahasa Indonesia: Lalat
日本語: ハエ目 (双翅目)
한국어: 파리목
lietuvių: Dvisparniai
македонски: Двокрилци
Nederlands: Tweevleugeligen
norsk: Tovinger
Diné bizaad: Tsʼíʼii / Tséʼédǫ́ʼii
polski: Muchówki
português: Dípteros
русский: Двукрылые
slovenčina: dvojkrídlovce
српски / srpski: Двокрилци
svenska: Tvåvingade
தமிழ்: இருசிறகிப் பூச்சிகள்
Türkçe: Çift kanatlılar
українська: Двокрилі
中文: 雙翅目

For more multimedia, look at Diptera on Wikimedia Commons.