Cynara

Cynara cardunculus, Parque Natural do Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Asterales
Classification System: APG IV Superregnum: Eukaryota Regnum: Plantae Cladus: Angiosperms Cladus: Eudicots Cladus: Core eudicots Cladus: Asterids Cladus: Campanulids Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Carduoideae
Tribus: Cardueae
Subtribus: Carduinae
Genus: Cynara
Species: C. algarbiensis – C. auranitica – C. baetica – C. cardunculus – C. cornigera – C. cyrenaica – C. humilis – C. makrisii – C. scolymus – C. syriaca – C. tournefortii
Nothospecies: C. × gaditana – C. × pacensis

Name

Cynara L., Sp. Pl. 2: 827 (1753); Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 359 (1754).

• Lectotype species: Cynara cardunculus L. ((designated by M.L. Green in Sprague et al., Nom. Prop. Brit. Bot. 179 (Aug 1929))

Synonyms

• Homotypic
  • Cinara Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4 (sub Artichoke) (1754).
• Heterotypic
  • Bourgaea Coss., Notes Pl. Crit.: 39 (1849).
    • Type: Bourgaea humilis (L.) Cosson
  • Cynaropsis Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan.: 158 (1903).
    • Type: Cynara cardunculus subsp. cardunculus Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan.: 158 (1903)
  • Arcyna Wiklund, Willdenowia 33: 63 (2003).
    • Type: Arcyna tournefortii (Boiss. ex Reuter) Wiklund

Distribution

Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe Regional: Northern Europe Great Britain, Ireland. Regional: Middle Europe Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland. Regional: Southwestern Europe Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain. Regional: Southeastern Europe Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia. Regional: Eastern Europe Krym, South European Russia, Ukraine. Continental: Africa Regional: Northern Africa Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Regional: Macaronesia Canary Islands, Madeira. Regional: Northeast Tropical Africa Ethiopia. Regional: Western Indian Ocean Mauritius, Réunion. Continental: Asia-Temperate Regional: Caucasus Transcaucasus. Regional: Western Asia Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Turkey. Continental: Asia-Tropical Regional: Indian Subcontinent Pakistan. Regional: Indo-China Myanmar, Vietnam. Regional: Malesia Jawa. Continental: Australasia Regional: Australia New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia. Continental: Pacific Regional: Northwestern Pacific Marianas. Continental: Northern America Regional: Southwestern U.S.A. California. Continental: Southern America Regional: Central America Guatemala, Panama. Regional: Northern South America Venezuela. Regional: Western South America Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador. Regional: Southern South America Juan Fernández Islands, Uruguay. References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References

Primary references

• Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 827. Reference page. 
• Linnaeus, C. 1754. Genera Plantarum, ed. 5: 359. Reference page. 

Additional references

• Hitchcock, A.S. & Green, M.L. 1929. Standard species of Linnaean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–1754). pp. 111–195. In: Sprague, T.A. (ed.): International Botanical Congress. Cambridge (England), 1930. Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Biblioteca Digital Reference page. 
• Hand, R., & Hadjikyriakou, G. 2009. Cynara makrisii (Asteraceae, Cardueae), a new artichoke species in Cyprus. Willdenowia 39 (1): 77–81. DOI: 10.3372/wi.39.39108 Reference page. 
• Robba, L., Carine, M. A., Russell, S. J., & Raimondo, F. M. 2005. The monophyly and evolution of Cynara L. (Asteraceae) sensu lato: evidence from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of nrDNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution 253 (1-4): 53-64. DOI: 10.1007/s00606-004-0259-3 Reference page. 
• Wiklund, A. 1992. The genus Cynara L. (Asteraceae-Cardueae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 109 (1): 75-123. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1992.tb00260.x Reference page. 
• Moth Wiklund, A. 2003. Arcyna, a new genus segregated from Cynara (Compositae). Willdenowia 33(1): 63–68. DOI: 10.3372/wi.33.33105 JSTOR Reference page. 

Links

• Euro+Med 2006 onwards: Cynara in Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Apr. 10.
• Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. 10 in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Apr.. Reference page. 
• International Plant Names Index. 2021. Cynara. Published online. Accessed: Apr. 10 2021.
• Farr, E.R. & Zijlstra, G. (eds.) 1996 onwards. Cynara in Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Accessed: 2022 Dec 6.
• Tropicos.org 2022. Cynara. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 6 Dec 2022.
• Hassler, M. 2022. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Cynara. Accessed: 6 Dec 2022.

Vernacular names

azərbaycanca: Artişok
беларуская: Артышок
dansk: Kardon-slægten
Deutsch: Artischocken
English: Cardoon
suomi: Artisokat
polski: Karczoch
русский: Артишок
slovenčina: Artičok
svenska: Kronärtskockssläktet
Tiếng Việt: Chi Atisô

For more multimedia, look at Cynara on Wikimedia Commons.