Anchusa

Anchusa officinalis (Typus)

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Boraginales
Classification System: APG IV Superregnum: Eukaryota Regnum: Plantae Cladus: Angiosperms Cladus: Eudicots Cladus: Core eudicots Cladus: Asterids Cladus: Lamiids Ordo: Boraginales

Familia: Boraginaceae
Subfamilia: Boraginoideae
Tribus: Boragineae
Subtribus: Boragininae
Genus: Anchusa
Species: A. aegyptiaca – A. affinis – A. arvensis – A. atlantica – A. azurea – A. calcarea – A. capensis – A. cespitosa – A. crispa – A. formosa – A. gmelinii – A. iranica – A. konyaensis – A. leptophylla – A. milleri – A. montelinasana – A. ochroleuca – A. officinalis – A. ovata – A. procera – A. pseudoochroleuca – A. puechii – A. pusilla – A. samothracica – A. sardoa – A. strigosa – A. stylosa – A. thessala – A. tiberiadis – A. undulata
Nothospecies: A. × digenea – A. × thirkeana
Names in possible synonymy: A. leucantha

Name

Anchusa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 133. (1753); Gen. Pl. ed. 5: 64 (1754).

• Lectotype: Anchusa officinalis L., 1753 (designated by Hitchcock 1929: Prop. Brit. Bot.: 127)

Synonyms

• Heterotypic
  • Echioides Fabr., Enum. 1: 43. (1759).
  • Lycopsis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 138. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5: 68 (1754).
    • Lectotype: Lycopsis arvensis L., 1753 (designated by Hitchcock 1929: Prop. Brit. Bot.: 128
      

Note: The later synonymy is not universally accepted – see Discussion Page.

Distribution

Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe Regional: Northern Europe Denmark, Finland, Føroyar, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden. Regional: Middle Europe Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland. Regional: Southwestern Europe Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain. Regional: Southeastern Europe Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia. Regional: Eastern Europe Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine. Continental: Africa Regional: Northern Africa Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Regional: Macaronesia Canary Islands, Madeira. Regional: West-Central Tropical Africa Cameroon. Regional: Northeast Tropical Africa Eritrea, Ethiopia. Regional: Southern Africa Cape Provinces, Lesotho, Namibia, Free State, Northern Provinces. Continental: Asia-Temperate Regional: Siberia Altay, West Siberia. Regional: Russian Far East Amur, Magadan, Primorye, Sakhalin. Regional: Middle Asia Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan. Regional: Caucasus North Caucasus, Transcaucasus. Regional: Western Asia Afghanistan, Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Turkey. Regional: Arabian Peninsula Gulf States, Saudi Arabia, Yemen. Regional: China Hainan, Inner Mongolia, China North-Central, Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang. Regional: Mongolia Mongolia. Continental: Asia-Tropical Regional: Indian Subcontinent Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, West Himalaya. Continental: Northern America Regional: Western Canada Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan. Regional: Eastern Canada New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec. Regional: Northwestern U.S.A. Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming. Regional: North-Central U.S.A. Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin. Regional: Northeastern U.S.A. Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island. Regional: Southwestern U.S.A. California, Utah. Regional: South-Central U.S.A. Texas. Regional: Southeastern U.S.A. Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia, District of Columbia. Continental: Southern America Regional: Southern South America Argentina Northeast, Argentina South. Note: Grey script indicates introduced occurrences. References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References

Primary references

• Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 133. Reference page. 
• Linnaeus, C. 1754. Genera Plantarum, ed. 5: 64. Reference page. 

Additional references

• Bigazzi, M., Nardi, E. & Selvi, F. 1997. Anchusella, a new genus of Boraginaceae from the Central-Eastern Mediterranean. Plant Systematics and Evolution 205(3–4): 241–264. DOI: 10.1007/BF01464408 Reference page. 
• Cohen, J.I. 2013 (Online) 2014 (Print). A phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters of Boraginaceae: evolutionary relationships, taxonomy, and patterns of character evolution. Cladistics 30(2): 139–169. DOI: 10.1111/cla.12036 Reference page. 
• Hilger, H.H., Selvi, F., Papini, A. & Bigazzi, M. 2004. Molecular systematics of Boraginaceae tribe Boragineae based on ITS1 and trnL sequences, with special reference to Anchusa s.l. Annals of Botany 94(2): 201–212. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mch132 PDF Reference page.  (excluding Lycopsis)
• Hitchcock, A.S. & Green, M.L. 1929. Standard species of Linnaean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–1754). pp. 111–195. In: Sprague, T.A. (ed.): International Botanical Congress. Cambridge (England), 1930. Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Biblioteca Digital Reference page. 
• Kadereit, J.W., Albach, D.C., Ehrendorfer, F., Galbany Casals, M., Garcia-Jacas, N., Gehrke, B., Kadereit, G., Kilian, N., Klein, J.T., Koch, M.A., Kropf, M., Oberprieler, C., Pirie, M.D., Ritz, C.M., Röser, M., Spalik, K., Susanna, A., Weigend, M., Welk, E., Wesche, K., Zhang, L.-B. & Dillenberger, M.S. 2016. Which changes are needed to render all genera of the German flora monophyletic? Willdenowia 46(1): 39–91. DOI: 10.3372/wi.46.46105 PDF Reference page. 

Links

• Hassler, M. 2018. Anchusa. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Nov. 1. Reference page.  circumscribes Anchusa s.s.
• Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Anchusa in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2022 May 18. Reference page. 
• Tropicos.org 2022. Anchusa. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 18 May 2022.
• International Plant Names Index. 2022. Anchusa. Published online. Accessed: 18 May 2022.
• Hassler, M. 2022. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Anchusa. Accessed: 18 May 2022.
• Euro+Med 2006 onwards: Anchusa in Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published online. Accessed: 2022 May 18.

Vernacular names

العربية: لسان الثور
azərbaycanca: Sümürgən
беларуская: Пакрывец
čeština: prlina, pilát
dansk: Oksetunge
Deutsch: Ochsenzungen
eesti: Imikas
suomi: Rastit
Nordfriisk: Oksentonger
français: Anchusa
עברית: לשון-פר
hornjoserbsce: Pócćiwka
հայերեն: Հորթալեզու
қазақша: Өгізтіл
lietuvių: Godas
Nederlands: Ossentong
polski: Farbownik
русский: Воловик
slovenčina: pŕhlica, smohla
svenska: Oxtungor
Türkçe: Sığırdili
中文: 牛舌草属

For more multimedia, look at Anchusa on Wikimedia Commons.