Wikispecies

Xanthium orientale

Xanthium orientale
Xanthium orientale

Taxonavigation

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Taxonavigation: Asterales 
Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Asteroideae
Tribus: Heliantheae
Subtribus: Ambrosiinae
Genus: Xanthium
Species: Xanthium orientale

Name

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Xanthium orientale L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2.: 1400 (1763).

Synonyms

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  • Heterotypic
    • Xanthium canadense Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 2 (1768).
      • Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & A.Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 294 (1842).
    • Xanthium monoicum Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 170 (1782), opus utiq. oppr.
    • Xanthium echinatum Murray, Commentat. Soc. Regiae Sci. Gott. 6: 32 (1784).
      • Xanthium strumarium var. echinatum (Murray) A.Gray, Manual, ed. 2: 213 (1856).
      • Xanthium canadense var. echinatum (Murray) A.Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(2): 252 (1884).
    • Xanthium americanum Walter, Fl. Carol.: 231 (1788).
    • Xanthium cuneatum Moench, Suppl. Meth.: 300 (1802).
    • Xanthium cordifolium Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 380 (1812).
    • Xanthium maculatum Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2: 344 (1818).
    • Xanthium homothalamum Spreng., Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. 1: 259 (1820).
    • Xanthium italicum Moretti, Giorn. Fis. Chim. Storia Nat. Med. Arti, Dec. 2, 5: 326 (1822).
      • Xanthium macrocarpum var. italicum (Moretti) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 475 (1879).
      • Xanthium macrocarpum subsp. italicum (Moretti) Bonnier & Layens, Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France: 195 (1894).
    • Xanthium saccharatum subsp. italicum (Moretti) Hayek, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(2): 613 (1931).
      • Xanthium strumarium subsp. italicum (Moretti) D.Löve, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 271 (1976).
      • Xanthium echinatum subsp. italicum (Moretti) O.Bolòs & Vigo, Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 17: 90 (1988).
      • Xanthium echinatum var. italicum (Moretti) O.Bolòs & Vigo, Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 17: 90 (1988).
      • Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum (Moretti) Greuter, Willdenowia 33: 249 (2003).
    • Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1: 236 (1842), nom. illeg.
    • Xanthium oviforme Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1: 240 (1842).
    • Xanthium saccharatum Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1: 238 (1842).
      • Xanthium saccharatum subsp. eusaccharatum Widder, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 285 (1925), nom. inval.
      • Xanthium orientale subsp. saccharatum (Wallr.) B.Bock, Bull. Soc. Bot. Centre-Ouest 42: 274 (2011 publ. 2012).
    • Xanthium brevirostre Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1: 235 (1842).
    • Xanthium discolor Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1: 232 (1842).
    • Xanthium longirostre Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1: 237 (1842).
    • Xanthium roxburghii Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1: 233 (1842).
    • Xanthium brevirostre Hochst. ex A.Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 405 (1848), nom. illeg.
    • Xanthium cavanillesii Schouw, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 12: 357 (1849).
      • Xanthium strumarium subsp. cavanillesii (Schouw) D.Löve & Dans., Canad. J. Bot. 37: 205 (1959).
      • Xanthium echinatum var. cavanillesii (Schouw) O.Bolòs & Vigo, Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 17: 90 (1988).
    • Xanthium riparium Itzigs. & Hertzsch, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 12: 34 (1854).
      • Xanthium orientale var. riparium (Itzigs. & Hertzsch) Adema & M.T.Jansen, Gorteria 9: 303 (1979).
    • Xanthium riparium Lasch, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 14: 412 (1856), nom. illeg.
      • Xanthium italicum subsp. riparium Čelak., Prodr. Fl. Böhmen: 186 (1871), nom. nov.
      • Xanthium albinum subsp. riparium (Čelak.) Widder & Wagenitz in G.Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur., ed. 2, 6(3): 275 (1968).
      • Xanthium ripicola Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 11: 83 (1976), nom. nov.
      • Xanthium albinum subsp. ripicola (Holub) Dostál, Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 12 (1984).
      • Xanthium orientale subsp. riparium (Čelak.) Greuter, Willdenowia 33: 249 (2003).
    • Xanthium fuscescens Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov. 1: 36 (1866).
      • Xanthium strumarium var. fuscescens (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France 12: 52 (1910).
    • Xanthium nigri Ces., Pass. & Gibelli, Comp. Fl. Italiana 2: 437 (1877).
    • Xanthium sphaerocephalum Salzm. ex Ball, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 503 (1878).
    • Xanthium speciosum Kearney, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 574 (1897).
    • Xanthium varians Greene, Pittonia 4: 59 (1899).
    • Xanthium californicum Greene, Pittonia 4: 62 (1899).
      • Xanthium orientale subsp. californicum (Greene) Greuter, Willdenowia 33: 249 (2003).
    • Xanthium acerosum Greene, Pittonia 4: 63 (1899).
    • Xanthium acutum Greene, Pittonia 4: 62 (1899).
    • Xanthium affine Greene, Pittonia 4: 60 (1899).
    • Xanthium campestre Greene, Pittonia 4: 61 (1899).
    • Xanthium glanduliferum Greene, Pittonia 4: 61 (1899).
    • Xanthium palustre Greene, Pittonia 4: 63 (1899).
      • Xanthium canadense var. palustre (Greene) Jeps., Man. Fl. Pl. Calif.: 1110 (1925).
    • Xanthium silphiifolium Greene, Pittonia 4: 60 (1899).
    • Xanthium commune Britton, Man. Fl. N. States: 912 (1901).
    • Xanthium glabratum Britton, Man. Fl. N. States: 912 (1901).
    • Xanthium macounii Britton, Man. Fl. N. States: 913 (1901).
    • Xanthium commune var. wootonii Cockerell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 16: 9 (1903).
      • Xanthium wootonii Cockerell, Science, n.s., 42: 870 (1915).
      • Xanthium saccharatum var. wootonii Widder, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 20: 93 (1923).
      • Xanthium strumarium var. wootonii (Cockerell) W.C.Martin & C.R.Hutchins, Fl. New Mexico 2: 2041 (1981), without basionym
    • Xanthium orientale var. macrocarpum Reiche, Anales Univ. Chile 112: 132 (1903).
    • Xanthium bubalocarpon Bush, Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 17: 123 (1906).
    • Xanthium oligacanthum Piper, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 551 (1906).
    • Xanthium strumarium var. albertii Rouy in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France 12: 53 (1910).
    • Xanthium strumarium var. revelierei (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France 12: 53 (1910).
    • Xanthium barcinonense Sennen, Bull. Géogr. Bot. 24: 224 (1914).
      • Xanthium barcinonense Sennen, Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 15: 98 (1916).
    • Xanthium hispanicum Sennen, Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 15: 99 (1916).
    • Xanthium canadense var. globuliforme Crevecoeur ex C.Shull, Amer. J. Bot. 4: 42 (1917).
    • Xanthium curvescens Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 25 (1918).
    • Xanthium acutilobum Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 6 (1918).
    • Xanthium crassifolium Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 5 (1918).
    • Xanthium leptocarpum Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 3 (1918).
    • Xanthium australe Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 37 (1919).
    • Xanthium calvum Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 35 (1919).
    • Xanthium cenchroides Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 30 (1919).
    • Xanthium californicum var. oligacanthum Widder, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 20: 113 (1923).
    • Xanthium pungens var. denudatum Widder, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 20: 69 (1923).
    • Xanthium saccharatum var. silphiifolium Widder, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 20: 93 (1923).
    • Xanthium saccharatum var. speciosum Widder, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 20: 93 (1923).
    • Xanthium californicum var. rotundifolium Widder, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 20: 113 (1923).
    • Xanthium riparium var. albinum Widder, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 20: 105 (1923).
      • Xanthium albinum (Widder) Scholz & Sukopp, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 98-c: 47 (1960).
      • Xanthium orientale var. albinum (Widder) Adema & M.T.Jansen, Gorteria 9: 302 (1979).
    • Xanthium saccharatum subsp. aciculare Widder, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 286 (1925).
    • Xanthium saccharatum subsp. commune Widder, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 286 (1925).
    • Xanthium cavanillesii var. cordobense Widder ex Parodi, Physis (Buenos Aires) 8: 475 (1927).
    • Xanthium chinense var. globuliforme C.Shull, Bot. Gaz. 83: 385 (1927).
    • Xanthium aridum H.St.John, NorthW. Sci. 2(3): 93 (1928).
    • Xanthium pensylvanicum var. laciniatum Sherff & C.Shull, Bot. Gaz. 92: 208 (1931).
    • Xanthium chsei Fernald, Rhodora 48: 66 (1946).
    • Xanthium strumarium f. purpurascens Priszter, Magyar Fl. Veg. 7: 58 (1985).
    • Xanthium cloessplateaum D.Z.Ma, Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 11: 346 (1991).

Distribution

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Native distribution areas:
  • Continental: Europe (introduced)
    • Regional: Northern Europe
      • Great Britain.
    • Regional: Middle Europe
      • Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland.
    • Regional: Southwestern Europe
      • Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain.
    • Regional: Southeastern Europe
      • Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
    • Regional: Eastern Europe
      • Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine.
  • Continental: Africa (introduced)
    • Regional: Northern Africa
      • Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia.
    • Regional: Macaronesia
      • Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira.
    • Regional: South Tropical Africa
      • Zimbabwe.
    • Regional: Southern Africa
      • Botswana, Cape Provinces, Lesotho, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Swaziland, Northern Provinces.
  • Continental: Asia-Temperate (introduced)
    • Regional: Siberia
      • Altay, Chita, Krasnoyarsk, West Siberia.
    • Regional: Russian Far East
      • Amur, Khabarovsk, Kuril Islands, Primorye, Sakhalin.
    • Regional: Middle Asia
      • Tadzhikistan.
    • Regional: Caucasus
      • North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.
    • Regional: Western Asia
      • Afghanistan, Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Turkey.
    • Regional: Mongolia
      • Mongolia.
    • Regional: Eastern Asia
      • Korea.
  • Continental: Asia-Tropical (introduced)
    • Regional: Indian Subcontinent
      • Assam, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, West Himalaya.
    • Regional: Indo-China
      • Cambodia, Thailand.
  • Continental: Pacific (introduced)
    • Regional: South-Central Pacific
      • Marquesas, Society Islands, Tuamotu.
  • Continental: Northern America
    • Regional: Subarctic America
      • Alaska.
    • Regional: Western Canada
      • Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan.
    • Regional: Eastern Canada
      • New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec.
    • Regional: Northwestern U.S.A.
      • Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming.
    • Regional: North-Central U.S.A.
      • Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin.
    • Regional: Northeastern U.S.A.
      • Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia.
    • Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
      • Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah.
    • Regional: South-Central U.S.A.
      • New Mexico, Texas.
    • Regional: Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, District of Columbia.
    • Regional: Mexico
      • Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Mexico Southeast.
  • Continental: Southern America
    • Regional: Caribbean
      • Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico (introduced).
    • Regional: Northern South America
      • Venezuela (introduced).
    • Regional: Western South America
      • Bolivia, Colombia (introduced), Peru.
    • Regional: Brazil
      • Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil North (introduced), Brazil South.
    • Regional: Southern South America
      • Argentina Northeast, Argentina South, Argentina Northwest, Chile Central, Chile North, Paraguay, Uruguay.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References

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Primary references

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Vernacular names

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English: rough cockleburr
Nederlands: oeverstekelnoot
 
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