Virus
Taxonavigation
Classification System: ICTV (2023 Release, MSL#39, release v3)
(Unranked): Virus
Realms: Adnaviria – Duplodnaviria – Monodnaviria – Riboviria – Ribozyviria – Varidnaviria
Regna: Bamfordvirae – Helvetiavirae – Heunggongvirae – Loebvirae – Orthornavirae – Pararnavirae – Sangervirae – Shotokuvirae – Trapavirae – Zilligvirae
Phyla: Artverviricota – Cossaviricota – Cressdnaviricota – Dividoviricota – Duplornaviricota – Hofneiviricota – Kitrinoviricota – Lenarviricota – Negarnaviricota – Nucleocytoviricota – Peploviricota – Phixviricota – Pisuviricota – Preplasmiviricota – Saleviricota – Uroviricota
Subphyla: Haploviricotina – Polyploviricotina
Classes:
Allassoviricetes –
Alsuviricetes –
Amabiliviricetes –
Arfiviricetes –
Caudoviricetes –
Chunqiuviricetes –
Duplopiviricetes –
Ellioviricetes –
Faserviricetes –
Flasuviricetes –
Insthoviricetes –
Herviviricetes –
Howeltoviricetes –
Huolimaviricetes –
Laserviricetes –
Magsaviricetes –
Malgrandaviricetes –
Maveriviricetes –
Megaviricetes –
Miaviricetes –
Milneviricetes –
Monjiviricetes –
Mouviricetes –
Papovaviricetes –
Pisoniviricetes –
Pokkesviricetes –
Quintoviricetes –
Repensiviricetes –
Revtraviricetes –
Stelpaviricetes –
Tectiliviricetes –
Tolucaviricetes –
Vidaverviricetes –
Yunchangviricetes
Ordines:
Caudovirales –
Herpesvirales –
Ligamenvirales –
Nidovirales –
Ortervirales –
Picornavirales –
Tymovirales
Familiae:
Adenoviridae –
Alphasatellitidae –
Alphatetraviridae –
Alvernaviridae –
Amalgaviridae –
Ampullaviridae –
Anelloviridae –
Ascoviridae –
Asfarviridae –
Astroviridae –
Avsunviroidae –
Bacilladnaviridae –
Baculoviridae –
Barnaviridae –
Benyviridae –
Bicaudaviridae –
Bidnaviridae –
Birnaviridae –
Bromoviridae –
Caliciviridae –
Carmotetraviridae –
Chrysoviridae –
Circoviridae –
Clavaviridae –
Closteroviridae –
Corticoviridae –
Cystoviridae –
Endornaviridae –
Flaviviridae –
Fuselloviridae –
Geminiviridae –
Genomoviridae –
Globuloviridae –
Guttaviridae –
Hepadnaviridae –
Hepeviridae –
Hypoviridae –
Hytrosaviridae –
Inoviridae –
Iridoviridae –
Lavidaviridae –
Leviviridae –
Luteoviridae –
Marseilleviridae –
Megabirnaviridae –
Microviridae –
Mimiviridae –
Mycodnaviridae –
Nanoviridae –
Narnaviridae –
Nimaviridae –
Nodaviridae –
Nudiviridae –
Papillomaviridae –
Partitiviridae –
Parvoviridae –
Permutotetraviridae –
Phycodnaviridae –
Picobirnaviridae –
Plasmaviridae –
Pleolipoviridae –
Polydnaviridae –
Polyomaviridae –
Portogloboviridae –
Pospiviroidae –
Potyviridae –
Poxviridae –
Quadriviridae –
Reoviridae –
Sarthroviridae –
Smacoviridae –
Solemoviridae –
Solinviviridae –
Sphaerolipoviridae –
Spiraviridae –
Tectiviridae –
Togaviridae –
Tolecusatellitidae –
Tombusviridae –
Totiviridae –
Tristromaviridae –
Turriviridae –
Virgaviridae
Genera:
Dinodnavirus –
Rhizidiovirus –
Salterprovirus –
Sinaivirus
Baltimore Classification: Group I: dsDNA – Group II: ssDNA – Group III: dsRNA – Group IV: ssRNA(+) – Group V: ssRNA(-) – Group VI: ssRNA(RT) – Group VII: dsDNA(RT)
Subviral agents (King et al. 2011): Satellites and other virus-dependent nucleic acids – Viroids – Prions
Name
- Aphanobionta Novak, 1930, Rothmaler, 1951
- Aphanobiontidea Walton, 1930
- Archaeophyta Barkley, 1939 non Archephyta Haeckel, 1866
- Vira Holmes, 1939
- Viriphyta McKinney, 1944
- Virales Holmes, 1948
- Archetista Jahn & Jahn, 1949
- Vireae Barkley, 1949
- Acellularae Traub, 1963
- Protobiota Hsen-Hsu, 1965
- Vira Barkley, 1970
- Acytota Jeffrey, 1971
- Akamara Hurst, 2000
References
- Gibbs, A. J. 2013. Viral taxonomy needs a spring clean; its exploration era is over. Virology Journal 10:254, (PDF).
- Collier, Leslie, Balows, Albert & Sussman, Max 1998. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections ninth edition, Volume 1, Virology, volume editors: Mahy, Brian and Collier, Leslie. Arnold. ISBN 0340663162.
- Dimmock, N.J., Easton, Andrew J. & Leppard, Keith 2007. Introduction to Modern Virology sixth edition, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 1405136456.
- Knipe, David M., Howley, Peter M., Griffin, Diane E., Lamb, Robert A., Martin, Malcolm A, Roizman, Bernard & Straus Stephen E. 2007. Fields Virology Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0781760607.
- Shors, Teri 2008. Understanding Viruses. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 0763729329.
Links
Vernacular names
Alemannisch: Virus (pl. Vire)
العربية: فيروس
asturianu: Virus
অসমীয়া: বিষাণু
Boarisch: Viarus (pl. Viarusse, Viarn)
беларуская: Вірусы
български: Вирус
বাংলা: ভাইরাস
bosanski: Virus (pl. virusi)
català: Virus
čeština: virus (pl. viry)
Cymraeg: Feirws
dansk: Virus (pl. vira)
Deutsch: Virus (pl. Viren)
Ελληνικά: Ιός (pl. Ιοί)
English: Virus
Esperanto: Viruso
español: Virus
eesti: Viirus (pl. Viirused)
euskara: Birus
فارسی: ویروس
suomi: Virus (pl. virukset)
Nordfriisk: Wiiren
français: Virus
galego: Virus
Avañe'ẽ: Popĩami
ગુજરાતી: વિષાણુ
Hawaiʻi: Mea ho‘oma‘i
עברית: נגיפים / וירוסים
हिन्दी: विषाणु
hrvatski: Virus
magyar: Vírus
հայերեն: Հարուցիչ
interlingua: Virus
Bahasa Indonesia: Virus
íslenska: Veira
italiano: Virus
日本語: ウイルス
la .lojban.: vidru
ქართული: ვირუსი
ភាសាខ្មែរ: វិសាណូ, មេរោគ
ಕನ್ನಡ: ವೈರಾಣು
한국어: 바이러스
ລາວ: ໄວຣັສ
lietuvių: Virusas
latviešu: Vīruss
македонски: Вирус
मराठी: विषाणु
Bahasa Melayu: Virus
नेपाल भाषा: विषाणु
नेपाली: विषाणु
Nederlands: Virus
norsk nynorsk: Virus
norsk: Virus
occitan: Virús
ଓଡ଼ିଆ: ଭୂତାଣୁ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ: ਵਿਸ਼ਾਣੂ
polski: wirusy
پښتو: ويروس
português: Vírus
Runa Simi: Añaw
română: Virus
русский: Вирусы
slovenčina: Vírus
slovenščina: Virus
српски / srpski: вирус
Sunda: Pirus
svenska: Virus
தமிழ்: தீநுண்மம்
ไทย: ไวรัส
Türkçe: Virüs
українська: Вірус
oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча: Viruslar
Tiếng Việt: Virus, Siêu vi
Volapük: Virud
ייִדיש: ווירוס
中文: 病毒
Alternative classifications
Novák (1930)
Novák, F. A. 1930, 1940. Systematická botanika, 2. svazky, in: Rostlinopis, Prag.
Walton (1930)
Walton, Lee Barker 1930. Studies concerning organisms occurring in water supplies with particular reference to those found in Ohio. Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin, 24: 1–86, link.
Kingdom Bionta
- Subkingdom Protistodeae
- Phylum Probiontaria
- Class Microbiontoidea
- Order Aphanobiontidea
- Order Chlamydozoidea
- Class Bacterioidea
- Class Spirochaetoidea
- Class Microbiontoidea
- Phylum Probiontaria
- Subkingdom Metaphytodeae
- Subkingdom Metazoodeae
Holmes in Breed et al. (1948)
Holmes, F.O. 1948. Order Virales: the filterable viruses. In: Breed, R.S., Murray, E.G.D. & Hitchens, A.P. (eds). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 6th ed. The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, The Outline Classification used in The Bergey Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Division Schizophyta
- Supplements: groups of uncertain relationship
- Order Virales Breed, Murray & Hitchens, 1944
- Suborder 1. Phagineae Holmes
- Suborder II. Phytophagineae Holmes
- Family I. Chlorogenaceae Holmes
- Genus I. Chlorogenus Holmes
- Genus II. Carpophthora McKinney
- Genus III. Morsus Holmes
- Genus IV. Aureogenus Black
- Genus V. Galla Holmes
- Genus VI. Fractilinae McKinney
- Family II. Marmoraceae Holmes
- Genus I. Marmor Holmes
- Genus II. Acrogenus Holmes
- Genus III. Corium Holmes
- Genus IV. Nanus Holmes
- Genus V. Rimocortius Milbrath & Zeller
- Genus VI. Adelonosus Brierley & Smith
- Family III. Annulaceae Holmes
- Genus I. Annulus Holmes
- Family IV. Rugaceae Holmes
- Genus I. Ruga Holmes
- Family V. Savoiaceae Holmes
- Genus I. Savoia Holmes
- Family VI. Lethaceae Holmes
- Genus I. Lethum Holmes
- Family I. Chlorogenaceae Holmes
- Suborder III. Zoophagineae Holmes
- Family I. Borrelinaceae Holmes
- Family II. Borreliotaceae Holmes
- Genus I. Borreliota Goodpasture
- Genus II. Briareus Holmes
- Genus III. Scelus Holmes
- Genus IV. Hostis Holmes
- Genus V. Moliler Holmes
- Family III. Erronaceae Holmes
- Family IV. Charonaceae Holmes
- Family V. Trifuriaceae Holmes
- Genus I. Trifur Holmes
- Family VI. Rabulaceae Holmes
- Genus I. Rabula Holmes
- Order Virales Breed, Murray & Hitchens, 1944
Barkley (1949)
Barkley, Fred A. Un esbozo de clasificación de los organismos. Revista de la Facultad Nacional de Agronomia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín. 10: 83–103, (PDF) (Spanish)
- Mychota (Monera, Anucleobionta)
- Schizophyta
- Schizomycophyta (Myxothallophyta)
- Vireae (Viriphyta)
- Bacteriophagales (Zoophagi, Phytophagi)
- Rickettsiales
- Schyzomycetes (Eubacteriae)
- Spirochaetae
- Vireae (Viriphyta)
- Cyanophyta
- Schizomycophyta (Myxothallophyta)
- Schizophyta
- Protista
- Euplanta
- Euanimalia
Rothmaler (1951)
Rothmaler, Werner. 1951. Die Abteilungen und Klassen der Pflanzen. Feddes Rep Spec Nov Reg Veg 3: 256–266, Google Books, Abstract.
- Aphanobionta Novak (1930) – Virales Holmes (1948) – Vireae Barkley (1949)
- Virophyta Rothm., nov. div. – Archaeophyta Barkley (1939) non Haeckel (1866)
- Globullovira Rothm., nov. class.
- Globullovirea Rothm., nov. subclass.
- Tesserulovirea Rothm., nov. subclass. – Tesserulata Ruska, 1950
- Rhabdovira Rothm., nov. class.
- Globullovira Rothm., nov. class.
- Phagophyta Rothm., nov. div. – d'Herellata Ruska (1950) – Bakteriophagum d'Herelle
- Phagovira Rothm., nov. class. – d'Herellata Ruska (1950) – Phagineae Holmes (1948)
- Cysticetophyta Rothm., nov. div. – Cysticeta Ruska (1950)
- Cysticetovira Rothm., nov. class. – Cysticetes Ruska, Poppe & Kausche (1947) – Cysticeta Ruska (1950)
- Virophyta Rothm., nov. div. – Archaeophyta Barkley (1939) non Haeckel (1866)
- Akaryobionta
- Protobionta
- Cormobionta
- Gastrobionta
Lwoff, Horne & Tournier (1962)
Lwoff, A., Horne, R. & Tournier, P. 1962. A system of viruses. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol., 27, 51–55.
Key characteristics for classification:
- Nucleic acid (RNA or DNA): R or D
- Capsid symmetry (helical, cubical or dual): H, C or B
- Presence of a lipid envelope (naked or enveloped): N or E
- Diameter of capsid, or number of capsomers
- Presence of a lipid envelope (naked or enveloped): N or E
- Capsid symmetry (helical, cubical or dual): H, C or B
Hsen-Hsu (1965)
Hsen-Hsu, Hu. 1965. The major groups of living beings: a new classification. Taxon 14(8): 254–261.
- Protobiota [including Rickettsiae, viruses and bacteriophages]
- Cytobiota
- Bacteriobionta
- Myxobionta
- Mycobionta
- Phytobionta
- Zoobionta
Baltimore (1971)
Baltimore, D. 1971. Expression of animal virus genomes. Bacteriological Reviews, 35(3), 235, Abstract and PDF
- Group I: Double-stranded DNA viruses (dsDNA)
- Group II: Single-stranded DNA viruses (ssDNA)
- Group III: Double-stranded RNA viruses (dsRNA)
- Group IV: Single-stranded RNA viruses whose mRNA is identical in base sequence to virion RNA (+ssRNA)
- Group V: Single-stranded RNA viruses whose genome is complementary in base sequence to the mRNA (-ssRNA)
- Group VI: Single-stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate (ssRNA-RT)
- Group VII: Double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate through a single-stranded RNA intermediate (dsDNA-RT)
Hurst (2000)
Christon J. Hurst 2011. An Introduction to Viral Taxonomy with Emphasis on Animal Hosts and the Proposal of Akamara, a Potential Domain for the Genomic Acellular Agents. Studies in Viral Ecology: Animal Host Systems, Volume 2. DOI: 10.1002/9781118025710.ch2
- Dominio: Akamara
- Reino: Euviria
- Virus
- Virus satélite
- Reino: Viroida
- Viroide
- Virusoide
- Reino: Euviria
King et al. (2011)
King, A. M. Q., Adams, M. J., Carstens, E. B. & Lefkowitz, E. J. (eds). 2011. Virus taxonomy: 9h report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, Google Books. Partially disponible at: www.ictvonline.org
- dsDNA viruses
- Order Caudovirales
- Order Herpesvirales
- Unassigned viruses
- ssDNA viruses
- Unassigned viruses
- Reverse transcribing DNA and RNA viruses
- Unassigned viruses
- dsRNA viruses
- Unassigned viruses
- Negative sense ssRNA viruses
- Order Mononegavirales
- Unassigned viruses
- Positive sense ssRNA viruses
- Order Nidovirales
- Order Picornavirales
- Order Tymovirales
- Unassigned viruses
- Subviral agents