The monophyly of Lotinae/Lotidae has been questioned (Dunn and Matarese, 1984; Howes, 1991) [Ingrid Bakke, Steinar D. Johansen, Molecular Phylogenetics of Gadidae and Related Gadiformes Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequences, Marine Biotechnology. 7, 61–69 (2005)]

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