Silybum marianum

Silybum marianum

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Asterales
Classification System: APG IV Superregnum: Eukaryota Regnum: Plantae Cladus: Angiosperms Cladus: Eudicots Cladus: Core eudicots Cladus: Asterids Cladus: Campanulids Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Carduoideae
Tribus: Cardueae
Subtribus: Carduinae
Genus: Silybum
Species: Silybum marianum

Name

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 378 (1791).

Synonyms

• Basionym
  • Carduus marianus L., Sp. Pl.: 823 (1753).
• Homotypic
  • Mariana mariana Hill, Hort. Kew.: 61 (1768).
  • Mariana lactea Hill, Herb. Brit. 1: 75 (1769), nom. superfl.
  • Carduus versicolor Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 185 (1796), nom. superfl.
  • Carduus lactifolius Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 141 (1812), nom. superfl.
• Heterotypic
  • Carduus mariae Crantz, Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 248 (1766).
    • Silybum mariae (Crantz) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 436 (1821 publ. 1822).
  • Cirsium maculatum Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 2: 130 (1771).
    • Carthamus maculatus (Scop.) Lam., Encycl. 1: 638 (1785).
    • Silybum maculatum (Scop.) Moench, Methodus: 555 (1794).
  • Silybum mariae var. unicolor Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 436 (1821 publ. 1822).
  • Silybum pygmaeum Cass. in G.-F.Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat., ed. 2. 50: 469 (1827).
  • Centaurea dalmatica Fraas, Syn. Pl. Fl. Class.: 204 (1845).
  • Silybum leucanthum Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov. 2: 83 (1868).
  • Silybum intermedium Willk., Index Seminum (TU, Dorpatensis) 1869: 6 (1869).
  • Silybum marianum var. longispinum Lamotte, Prodr. Fl. Plat. Centr. 2: 424 (1881).
  • Mariacantha maculosa Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 2: 150 (1899).
  • Silybum marianum var. albiflorum Eig, Bull. Inst. Agric. Nat. Hist. Tel-Aviv 6: 44 (1927).
  • Silybum marianum subsp. anatolicum Meriçli, Istanbul Üniv. Eczac. Fak. Mecm. 19: 60 (1983).

Hybrids

• Silybum × gonzaloi Cantó, Sánchez Mata & Rivas Mart.

Distribution

Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe Regional: Northern Europe Denmark, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden (introduced). Regional: Middle Europe Austria, Belgium (introduced), Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands (introduced), Poland, Switzerland (introduced). Regional: Southwestern Europe Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain. Regional: Southeastern Europe Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia. Regional: Eastern Europe Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine. Continental: Africa Regional: Northern Africa Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara. Regional: Macaronesia Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira. Regional: Northeast Tropical Africa Ethiopia. Regional: Southern Africa Cape Provinces, Northern Provinces (introduced). Continental: Asia-Temperate Regional: Siberia West Siberia (introduced). Regional: Russian Far East Primorye (introduced). Regional: Middle Asia Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan. Regional: Caucasus North Caucasus, Transcaucasus. Regional: Western Asia Afghanistan, Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Turkey. Regional: Arabian Peninsula Gulf States, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Yemen. Regional: China China South-Central, Hainan, Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, China North-Central, Qinghai, China Southeast, Tibet, Xinjiang (introduced). Regional: Eastern Asia Korea, Taiwan (introduced). Continental: Asia-Tropical Regional: Indian Subcontinent India, Pakistan, West Himalaya. Regional: Indo-China Thailand, Vietnam (introduced). Regional: Malesia Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera (introduced). Continental: Australasia Regional: Australia Norfolk Islands, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia (introduced). Regional: New Zealand Chatham Islands, New Zealand North, New Zealand South (introduced). Continental: Northern America (introduced) Regional: Western Canada Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan. Regional: Eastern Canada New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec. Regional: Northwestern U.S.A. Colorado, Oregon, Washington. Regional: North-Central U.S.A. Illinois, Oklahoma, Wisconsin. Regional: Northeastern U.S.A. Connecticut, Indiana, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia. Regional: Southwestern U.S.A. Arizona, California, Nevada. Regional: South-Central U.S.A. New Mexico, Texas. Regional: Southeastern U.S.A. Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia. Regional: Mexico Mexico Southeast. Continental: Southern America (introduced) Regional: Northern South America Venezuela. Regional: Western South America Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Regional: Brazil Brazil West-Central, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil North, Brazil South. Regional: Southern South America Argentina Northeast, Argentina South, Argentina Northwest, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, Juan Fernández Islands, Paraguay, Uruguay. Continental: Antarctic (introduced) Regional: Subantarctic Islands Falkland Islands. References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References

Primary references

• Gaertner, J. 1790–1792 ["1791"]. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Volumen alterum, continens seminum centurias quinque posteriores cum tabulis aeneis CI. LII + 520 pp., tt. 80–180. Typis Guilielmi Henrici Schrammii, Tubingae [Tübingen]. BHL Reference page. 

Links

• Govaerts, R. et al. 2023. Silybum marianum in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2023 May 17. Reference page. 
• Tropicos.org 2023. Silybum marianum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 17 May 2023.
• International Plant Names Index. 2023. Silybum marianum. Published online. Accessed: 17 May 2023.
• Hassler, M. 2023. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Silybum marianum. Accessed: 17 May 2023.
• Euro+Med 2006 onwards: Silybum marianum in Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published online. Accessed: 2023 May 17.
• USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Silybum marianum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names

čeština: ostropestřec mariánský
Deutsch: Mariendistel
Ελληνικά: Γαϊδουράγκαθο
English: Blessed milkthistle, holy thistle, variegated thistle
español: Cardo mariano
suomi: Maarianohdake
français: Chardon-Marie
עברית: גדילן מצוי
magyar: máriatövis, őszbogáncs, szamárkóró, boldogasszony tövise
日本語: マリアアザミ
lietuvių: Margainis
Nederlands: Mariadistel
occitan: Cardet marian
polski: ostropest plamisty
slovenčina: pestrec mariánsky
svenska: Mariatistel
Türkçe: Devedikeni

For more multimedia, look at Silybum marianum on Wikimedia Commons.