Letharia columbiana

Letharia columbiana

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Lecanorales
Superregnum: Eukaryota Regnum: Fungi Subregnum: Dikarya Divisio: Ascomycota Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina Classis: Lecanoromycetes Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae Ordo: Lecanorales

Familia: Parmeliaceae
Subfamilia: Parmelioideae
Genus: Letharia
Species: Letharia columbiana

Name

Letharia columbiana (Nutt.) J.W.Thomson, 1969

Substrate and ecology (Sonoran region): On bark or wood of conifers, in open well-ventilated intermontane forests, usually growing high on trunks, sometimes on dead branches.

Basionym: Borrera columbiana Nutt., 1836

Synonymy

• Letharia californica (Lév. ex Nyl.) Hue, 1899

References

• Thomson, J.W. (1969) Letharia californica is Letharia columbiana (Lichenes). Taxon 18: 535–537.   (RLL List # 73 / Rec.# 18480 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (JSTOR)

• Brodo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D. and Sharnoff, S. (2001) Letharia (pp. 411-413) In, Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, 795 pages. (Description of L. columbiana and distribution map for North America: p. 412; color photo: p. 412, plate 467)

• Goward, T. 1999. The lichens of British Columbia - Illustrated Keys - Part 2 - Fruticose Species. Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests Research Program, 319 pp. (RLL List # 176 / Rec.# 6980 - Recent Literature on Lichens) Online Reference page. : Letharia (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr. (pp. 183-184) (Description of L. columbiana: p. 184; drawing: p. 183)

• Hale, M.E. and Cole, M. (1988) Letharia (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr. (pp. 155-156) In Lichens of California. University of California Press, 254 pages. (Description of L. columbiana: p. 155; color photo: plate 5b)

• McCune, B. and Geiser, L. (1997) Letharia (p. 147-148) Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 386 pp. (Description of L. columbiana: pp. 147-148; color photo: p. 147)

• Ryan, B.D. (2002) Letharia (pp. 267-270) In: Nash III, T.H., Ryan, B.D, Gries, C. and Bungartz, F. (eds.), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 532 pages. (Description of L. columbiana: pp. 268-269; distribution map for the Sonoran region: p. 269)

• USDA Plants Database

• North American Lichen Checklist, Version (#14) 8 Oct 2008

• LIAS

• Index Fungorum

• MycoBank

Links to photos

• Stephen Sharnoff's Lichen Photos - Letharia columbiana

• A Flechtenbilder (Lichen Images) by Ulrich Kirschbaum- Letharia columbiana

Vernacular names

English: Brown-eyed wolf lichen,   Wolf lichen,   Brown-eyed wolf