Gerald Alfred Mulligan

Gerald Alfred Mulligan (1928–2022), Canadian botanist.

Research Branch, Agriculture Canada (retired 1987, now emeritus Research Associate). Assistant Director, Biosytematics Research Institute 1973 to 1978. Director, Biosystematics Research Institute/Centre- 1978 to 1987.

IPNI standard form: G.A.Mulligan

Taxon names authored

(List may be incomplete)

• 24 taxon names authored by Gerald Alfred Mulligan

Eponyms

(List may be incomplete)

• 1 eponym of Gerald Alfred Mulligan

Publications

(List may be incomplete)

1950s

• Mulligan, G.A. 1952. Survey of common barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) and European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) in eastern Ontario. Canada Department of Agriculture Bull. 23 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1952. Barberry and buckthorn surveys in southern Ontario. Proc. sixth meeting National Weed Committee, pp. 130–131.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1953. An example of hybridization in weeds. Proc. sixth meeting National Weed Committee, pp. 64–65.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1954. The glabrous nodding thistle, Carduus nutans var. leiophyllus in Saskatchewan. Res. Rept National Weed Committee, Western Section, p. 108.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Frankton, C. 1954. The plumeless thistles Carduus subsp.in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 68: 31–36.
• Lindsay, D.R. & Mulligan, G.A. 1955. Weed Survey in British Columbia. Res. Rept. National Weed Committee, Western Section, p. 125.
• Moore, R.J. & Mulligan, G.A. 1956. Natural hybridization between Carduus nutans and Carduus acanthoides in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Botany 34: 71–85. DOI: 10.1139/b56-009
• Mulligan, G.A. 1957. Chromosome numbers in Canadian weeds I. Canadian Journal of Botany 35: 779–789. DOI: 10.1139/b57-064
• Mulligan, G.A. 1958. Chromosome numbers in the Chrysanthemum leucanthemum complex. Rhodora 60ː 122–125.
• Moore, R.J. & Mulligan, G.A. 1958. Study of natural hybridization between Carduus acanthoides and Carduus nutans. Proceedings International Congress of Genetics 2ː 193.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1959. Chromosome numbers in Canadian weeds II. Canadian Journal of Botany 37ː 81–92. DOI: 10.1139/b59-008
• Mulligan, G.A. & Bassett, I.J. 1959. Achillea millefolium complex in Canada and portions of the United States. Canadian Journal of Botany 37ː 73–80. DOI: 10.1139/b59-007

1960s

• Mulligan, G.A. 1960. Polyploidy in Canadian weeds. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 2ː 150–161.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1961. Chromosome numbers of Canadian weeds III. Canadian Journal of Botany 39ː 1057–1066. DOI: 10.1139/b61-092
• Mulligan, G.A. 1961. The genus Lepidium in Canada. Madroño 16ː 77–90.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Moore, R.J. 1961. Natural selection among hybrids between Carduus acanthoides and Carduus nutans in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Botany 39ː 269–279. DOI: 10.1139/b61-022
• Mulligan, G.A. & Frankton, C. 1962. Taxonomy of the genus Cardaria with particular reference to the species introduced into North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 40ː 1411–1425.
• Bassett, I.J., Mulligan, G.A. & Frankton, C. 1962. Poverty weed, Iva axillaris in Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal of Botany 40ː 1243–1249.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1964. Chromosome numbers of the family Cruciferae I. Canadian Journal of Botany 42ː 1509–1519.
• Moore, R.J. & Mulligan, G.A. 1964. Further studies on natural selection among hybrids of Carduus acanthoides and Carduus nutans. Canadian Journal of Botany 42ː 1605–1613.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Calder, J.A. 1964. The genus Subularia (Cruciferae). Rhodora 66ː 127–135.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1965. Chromosome numbers of the family Cruciferae II. Canadian Journal of Botany 43ː 657–668.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1965. In IOPB chromosome number reports V. Taxon 14ː 191–196.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1965. Recent colonization by herbaceous plants, pp. 127–146 in Baker, H.G., and G.I Stebbins The Genetics of Colonizing Species. Academic Press Inc., New York, 588 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1965. Chromosome numbers of the family Cruciferae III. Canadian Journal of Botany 44ː 309–319.
• Mulligan, G. A. 1966. Two new species of Physaria (Cruciferae) in Colorado. Canadian J. Botany 44(12): 1661–1665. DOI: 10.1139/b66-178 Reference page. 
• Mulligan, G.A. 1966. In IOPB chromosome number reports VI. Taxon 15, page 118.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Porsild, A.E. 1966. Rorippa calycina in the Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Botany 44ː 1105–1106.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1967. Diploid and autotetraploid Physaria vitulifera (Cruciferae). Canadian Journal of Botany 45ː 183–188.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1967. Cytotaxonomy of Physaria acutifolia, P. chambersii, and P. newberryi (Cruciferae). Canadian Journal of Botany 45ː 1887–1898. DOI: 10.1139/b67-204
• Mulligan, G.A. 1967. Documented chromosome numbers of plants. Madroño 19; 134–136.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1967. Lawn weeds. News from Canada Department of Agriculture No. 1218ː 3–4.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1967. Poison Ivy. News from Canada Department of Agriculture No. 1222ː 8–10.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1967. In IOPB chromosome number reports XI. Taxon 16, page 222.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1967. In IOPB chromosome number reports XVI. Taxon 16ː pp. 564–568.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Frankton, C. 1967. Present status of tall wormseed mustard, Erysimum hieraciifolium in Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 45ː 755–756.
• Porsild, A.E., Harrington, C.R. & Mulligan, G.A. 1967. Lupinus arcticus grown from seed of Pleistocene age. Science 158ː 113–114.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1968. Transfers from Physaria to Lesquerella (Cruciferae). Canadian J. Botany 46(5)ː 527–530. DOI: 10.1139/b68-079 Reference page. 
• Mulligan, G.A. 1968. Physaria didymocarpa, P. brassicoides, and P. floribunda (Cruciferae) and their close relatives. Canadian Journal of Botany 46: 735–740.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1968. Diploid and tetraploid chromosome races of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum s.l. Le Naturaliste Canadien 95: 793–795.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Cody, W.J. 1968. Draba norvegica disjunct to the Mackenzie District, Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 46: 1334–1335.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Cody, W.J. 1968. In IOPB chromosome number reports XVII. Taxon 17, page 286.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Porsild, A.E. 1968. A natural first generation hybrid between Rorippa barbareaefolia and Rorippa islandica. Canadian Journal of Botany 46: 1079–1081.
• Calder, J.A., Taylor, R.L. & Mulligan, G.A. 1968. Flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands. News from Canada Department of Agriculture No. 1266: 6–7.
• Taylor, R.L. & Mulligan, G.A. 1968. Flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands, part 2: cytological aspects of the vascular flora, Canada Department Agriculture Research Monog. No. 4, part 2. Queen's Printer, Ottawa. 148 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1969. In IOPB chromosome number reports XX. Taxon 18, page 220.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Cody, W.J. 1969. The highest chromosome number known to occur in a North American plant. Canadian Field-Naturalist 83: 277–278.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Porsild, A.E. 1969. A new species of Lesquerella (Cruciferae) in northwestern Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 47(1): 215–216. DOI: 10.1139/b69-025 Reference page. 
• Mulligan, G.A. & Porsild, A.E. 1969. Chromosome numbers of some plants from the unglaciated central Yukon Plateau, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 47: 655–662.

1970s

• Mulligan, G.A. 1970. Cytotaxonomic studies of Draba glabella and its close relatives in Canada and Alaska. Canadian J. Botany 48(8): 1431–1437. DOI: 10.1139/b70-215 Reference page. 
• Mulligan, G.A. 1970. A new species of Draba in the Kananaskis Range of southwestern Alberta. Canadian J. Botany 48(10): 1897–1898. DOI: 10.1139/b70-277 Reference page. 
• Mulligan, G.A. 1970. Wild garlic, Allium vineale, a new weed in Canada. Greenhouse Garden and Grass 9(2): 12.
• Frankton, C. & Mulligan, G.A. 1970. Weeds of Canada. Canada Department of Agriculture Publ. 948. 217 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Findlay, J.N. 1970. Sexual reproduction and agamospermy in the genus Draba. Canadian Journal of Botany 48: 269–270. DOI: 10.1139/b70-040
• Mulligan, G.A. & Findlay, J.N. 1970. Reproductive systems and colonization in Canadian weeds. Canadian Journal of Botany 48: 859–860. DOI: 10.1139/b70-119
• Mulligan, G.A. & Porsild, A.E. 1970. In IOPB chromosome number reports XXV. Taxon 19: pp. 111–112.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Porsild, A.E. 1970. In IOPB chromosome number reports XXVIII. Taxon 19: p. 609.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1971. Cytotaxonomic studies of the closely related Draba cana, D. cinerea, and D. groenlandica in Canada and Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany 49: 89–93. DOI: 10.1139/b71-017
• Mulligan, G.A. 1971. Cytotaxonomic studies of Draba species of Canada and Alaska: D. ventosa, D. ruaxes, and D. paysonii. Canadian Journal of Botany 49: 1455–1460. DOI: 10.1139/b71-204
• Mulligan, G.A. & Cody, W.J. 1971. In IOPB chromosome number reports XXXIII. Taxon 20: pp. 613–614.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1972. Cytotaxonomic studies of Draba species in Canada and Alaska: D. oligosperma and D. incerta. Canadian Journal of Botany 50(8): 1763–1766. DOI: 10.1139/b72-218 Reference page. 
• Mulligan, G.A. 1972. Autogamy, allogamy, and pollination in some Canadian weeds. Canadian Journal of Botany 50: 1767–1771. DOI: 10.1139/b72-219
• Cavers, P.B. & Mulligan, G.A. 1972. A new series: The biology of Canadian weeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 52: 651–654. DOI: 10.4141/cjps72-099
• Mulligan, G.A. & Cody, W.J. 1972. In IOPB chromosome number reports XXXV. Taxon 21: p. 163.
• Mulligan, G.A., Cinq-Mars, L. & Cody, W.J. 1972. Natural interspecific hybridization between a sexual and an apogamous species of the beech fern genus Phegopteris Fee. Canadian Journal of Botany 50: 1295–1300. DOI: 10.1139/b72-158
• Mulligan, G.A. & Frankton, C. 1972. Chromosome races in Rumex arcticus (Polygonaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 50: 378–380. DOI: 10.1139/b72-053
• Mulligan, G.A., Cody, W.J. & Grainger, N. 1972. In IOPB chromosome number reports XXXVII. Taxon 21: 498–499 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1973. Pp. 13-18 in The genus Lesquerella (Cruciferae) in North America. R.C.Rollins and E.A. Shaw, Harvard University Press 288 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Cody, W.J. 1973. A clarification of the chromosome number situation in Sanquisorba canadensis. Canadian Journal of Botany 51: 2075–2077. DOI: 10.1139/b73-269
• Mulligan, G.A. & Cody, W.J. 1973. In IOPB chromosome number reports XL. Taxon 22: 290–191 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Kevan, P.G. 1973. Color, brightness, and other floral characteristics attracting insects to the blossoms of some Canadian weeds. Canadian Journal of Botany 51: 1939–1952. DOI: 10.1139/b73-248
• Kevan, P.G., Grainger, N.D., Mulligan, G.A. & Robertson, A.R. 1973. A gray-scale for measuring reflectance and color in the insect and human visual spectra. Ecology 54: 924–926.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1974. Confusion in the names of three Draba species of the arctic: D. adamsii, D. oblongata, and D. corymbosa. Canadian Journal of Botany 52: 791–793. DOI: 10.1139/b74-102
• Mulligan, G.A. 1974. Cytotaxonomic studies of Draba nivalis and its close allies in Canada and Alaska. Canadian J. Botany 52: 1793–1801. DOI: 10.1139/b74-232 Reference page. 
• Mulligan, G.A. & Cody, W.J. 1974. In IOPB chromosome number reports XLIII. Taxon 23: p. 194.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Findlay, J.N. 1974. The biology of Canadian weeds 3. Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis, and C. pubescens. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 54: 149–160. DOI: 10.4141/cjps74-024
• Mulligan, G.A. 1975. Draba crassifolia, D. albertina, D. nemorosa, and D. stenoloba in Canada and Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany 53: 745–751. DOI: 10.1139/b75-089
• Mulligan, G.A. & Bailey, L.G. 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds 8. Sinapis arvensis L. Canadian Journal of Botany 55: 171–183. DOI: 10.4141/cjps75-026
• Mulligan, G.A. 1976. Common weeds of Canada/Les mauvais herbes communes du Canada. McClelland and Stewart Ltd., Toronto. 140 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Bailey, L.G. 1976. Seed coats of some Brassica and Sinapis weedy and cultivated in Canada. Economic Botany 30: 143–148.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Junkins, B.E. 1976. The biology of Canadian weeds 17. Cyperus esculentus L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 56: 339–350. DOI: 10.4141/cjps76-052
• Mulligan, G.A. 1977. Seed coats under the scanning electron microscope. Seed Technology 2: 24–29.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Junkins, B.E. 1977. The biology of Canadian weeds 23. Rhus radicans L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 57: 515–523. DOI: 10.4141/cjps77-075
• Mulligan, G.A. 1978. Barbarea stricta Andrz., a new introduction to Quebec. Le Naturaliste Canadien 105: 297–298.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Junkins, B.E. 1978. The taxonomic rank of Rydberg's poison ivy. Le Naturaliste Canadien 105: 291–293.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Lindsay, D.R. 1978. Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce in Canada. Le Naturaliste Canadien 105: 37–40.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1979. Four new species of Draba in northwestern North America. Canadian J. Botany 57: 1873–1875. DOI: 10.1139/b79-236 Reference page. 
• Mulligan, G.A. 1979, (Editor). The biology of Canadian weeds, contributions 1-32. Agriculture Canada Publ. 1693, 380 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Cody, W.J. 1979. Chromosome numbers in Phegopteris. Canadian Journal of Botany 57: 1815–1819. DOI: 10.1139/b79-225
• Miller, J.F., Mulligan, G.A., et al. 1979. Common weed seedlings of the United States and Canada. University Georgia College Agriculture, Athens, 31 pp.

1980s

• Mulligan, G.A. 1980. Poison ivy, western poison oak, and poison sumac. Agriculture Canada Publ. 1699. 13pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1980. The genus Cicuta in North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 58: 1755–1767.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Munro, D.B. 1980. The biology of Canadian weeds 48. Cicuta maculata L., C. douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose}}, and C. virosa L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 61(1): 93–105. DOI: 10.4141/cjps81-012
• Alex, J.F., Cayouette, R. & Mulligan, G.A. 1980. Common and botanical names of weeds in Canada. [Noms populaires et scientifiques des plantes nuisibles du Canada.] Agriculture Canada Publ. 1765. 415 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Munro, D.B.. 1981. The biology of Canadian weeds 51. Prunus virginiana L., and P. serotina Ehrh. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 61(4): 977-992. DOI: 10.4141/cjps81-144
• Cody, W.J. & Mulligan, G.A. 1982. Chromosome numbers of some Canadian ferns and fern allies. Le Naturaliste Canadien 109: 273–275.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Munro, D.B. 1983. Vascular plants poisonous to livestock in Canada 1. A preliminary inventory. Agriculture Canada Technical Bulletin 1983-23E. 33pp.
• Mulligan, G.A., Munro, D.B. & McNeill, J. 1983. The status of Stachys palustris (Labiatae) in North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 61: 679–682. DOI: 10.1139/b83-077
• Mulligan, G.A. 1984. Chromosome numbers of some plants native and naturalized in Canada. Le Naturaliste Canadien 111: 447–449.
• Mulligan, G.A. (Editor) 1984. The biology of Canadian weeds, contributions 33-61. Agriculture Canada Publ. 1765. 415 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Munro, D.B. 1984. Chromosome numbers and sexual compatibility in North American Rorippa sylvestris (Cruciferae). Canadian Journal of Botany 62: 575–580. DOI: 10.1139/b84-086
• Mulligan, G.A. & Munro, D.B.. 1984. Wild and cultivated plants poisonous to humans in Canada. Agriculture Canada Technical Bulletin 1984E. 22 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. (Editor) 1986. Systematics in Agriculture Canada at Ottawa from 1886-1966. Historical Series No. 28E. 81 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. (Editor) 1986. La Recherche en systématique à Agriculture Canada Ottawa 1886-1966. Série historique No. 28F. 83 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1987. Common weeds of Canada. NC Press Ltd. Toronto. 143 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1987. Les plantes nuisibles communes du Canada. Marcel Broquet Inc., Montréal. 142 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Munro, D.B. 1987. The biology of Canadian weeds 77. Veratrum viride Ait. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67(3): 777–786. DOI: 10.4141/cjps87-105
• Frankton, C. & Mulligan, G.A. 1987. Weeds of Canada (revised edition). NC Press, Toronto. 217 pp.
• Frankton, C. & Mulligan, G.A. 1988. Les plantes nuisibles du Canada (revisée). Marcel Broquet Inc., Montréal. 218 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Munro, D.B. 1989. Taxonomy of species of North American Stachys (Labiatae) found north of Mexico. Le Naturaliste Canadien 116(1): 35-51. Abstract Reference page. 

1990s

• Mulligan, G.A. 1990. Poison ivy, western poison oak, and poison sumac (revised edition). Agriculture Canada Publ. 1699E, 13 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. 1990. L'herbe à la puce, le sumac à vernis et les rhus diversiloba (revisée). Agriculture Canada Publ. 1699F. 13 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Munro, D.B. 1990. Poisonous plants of Canada. Agriculture Canada Publ. 1842E. 96 pp.
• Mulligan, G.A. & Munro, D.B. 1990. Plantes toxiques du Canada. Agriculture Canada Publ. 1842F. 98 pp.
• Mulligan, J. & Mulligan, G.A. 1992. Purple loosestrife, friend or foe? Ontario Landscape News, June 4.
• Mai, T.R., Lovette-Doust, J., Lovette-Doust, L. & Mulligan, G.A. 1992. The biology of Canadian weeds 100. Lythrum salicaria. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72(4): 1305–1330. DOI: 10.4141/cjps92-164
• Mulligan, G.A. 1995. Synopsis of the genus Arabis (Brassicaceae) in Canada, Alaska, and Greenland. Rhodora 97(890): 109–163. JSTOR BHL Reference page. 
• Mulligan, G.A. & Cody, W.J. 1995. New information on the problem of the Asiatic cress, Rorippa crystallina Rollins (Brassicaceae). Canadian Field-Naturalist 109: 111–112. BHLReference page. 
• Mulligan, G.A. 1999. A tribute to Raymond John Moore, 1918-1998. Canadian Field-Naturalist 113: 342–344.

2000s

• Mulligan, G.A. 2001. Three new taxa and a summary of the mustard family, Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), in Canada and Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 115(2): 341–342. ResearchGate Reference page. 
• Mulligan, G.A. 2002. Chromosome numbers determined from Canadian and Alaskan material of native and naturalized mustards. Canadian Field-Naturalist 116: 611–622.
• Mulligan, G.A. 2002. Weedy introduced mustards (Brassicaceae) of Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 116: 623–631.
• Page, N.A., [{a|Ronald E. Wall|Wall, R.E.}}, Darbyshire, S.J. & Mulligan, G.A. 2006. The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada 4. Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86: 569–589. DOI: 10.4141/P05-158
• Mulligan, G.A. 2009. Common weeds of the northern United States and Canada. http://www.weedscanada.ca/
• Mulligan, G.A. 2009. Plants of the northern United States and Canada reported to have caused poisonings, a dermatitis or hay fever in humans.
• Mulligan, G.A. 2009. Plants of the northern United States and Canada reported to have caused poisonings to livestock or to have tainted animal products
• Mulligan, G.A. 2009. Additional information on hay fever plants
• Mulligan, G.A. 2009. Weedy mustards, Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) of Canada.

2010s

• Cavers, P.B., Darbyshire, S.J. & Mulligan, G.A. 2013. History of the series on the Biology of Canadian Weeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93: 351–461. DOI: 10.4141/cjps2013-500
• Al-Shehbaz, I.A. & Mulligan, G.A. 2013. New or noteworthy species of Draba (Brassicaceae) from Canada and Alaska. Harvard Papers in Botany 18(2): 101–124. DOI: 10.3100/025.018.0203 Reference page. 
• Darbyshire, S.J., Francis, A., Mulligan, G.A. & Graham, G.L. 2014. The biology of Canadian weeds 153. Stachys palustris L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94: 709–722. DOI: 10.4141/cjps2013-300
• Catling, P.M., Bennett, B., Heron, J., Kostiuk, B., Wolki, K. & Mulligan, G.A.. 2019. A preliminary list of 'Wild flowers and other vascular plants of Sachs Harbour' (Banks Island, Northwest Territories)

2020s

• Mulligan, G.A. 2021. Draba (Brassicaceae) in Canada and Alaska. Harvard Papers in Botany Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 189–199

References

• Mulligan, Julie. 2014. The Real Weed Man: Portrait of Canadian Botanist Gerald A. Mulligan, 228 pp.
• Al-Shehbaz, I.A. 2009. Two new North American species of Draba (Brassicaceae): D. heilii from New Mexico and D. mulliganii from Alaska. Harvard Pap. Bot. 14: 83–86. DOI: 10.3100/025.014.0112 Reference page. 
• Butcher, Joan, 2020. Gerald A. (Gerry) Mulligan, A Long History and Career at the Farm. Friends of the Central Experimental Farm Newsletter, Fall 2020, pp.189-199.