Silybum marianum

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Asterales
Classification System: APG IV Superregnum: Eukaryota Regnum: Plantae Cladus: Angiosperms Cladus: Eudicots Cladus: Core eudicots Cladus: Asterids Cladus: Campanulids Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Carduoideae
Tribus: Cardueae
Subtribus: Carduinae
Genus: Silybum
Species: Silybum marianum

Name

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 378 (1791).

Synonyms

Basionym
- Carduus marianus L., Sp. Pl.: 823 (1753).
Homotypic
- Mariana mariana Hill, Hort. Kew.: 61 (1768).
- Mariana lactea Hill, Herb. Brit. 1: 75 (1769), nom. superfl.
- Carduus versicolor Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 185 (1796), nom. superfl.
- Carduus lactifolius Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 141 (1812), nom. superfl.
Heterotypic
- Carduus mariae Crantz, Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 248 (1766).
  - Silybum mariae (Crantz) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 436 (1821 publ. 1822).
- Cirsium maculatum Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 2: 130 (1771).
  - Carthamus maculatus (Scop.) Lam., Encycl. 1: 638 (1785).
  - Silybum maculatum (Scop.) Moench, Methodus: 555 (1794).
- Silybum mariae var. unicolor Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 436 (1821 publ. 1822).
- Silybum pygmaeum Cass. in G.-F.Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat., ed. 2. 50: 469 (1827).
- Centaurea dalmatica Fraas, Syn. Pl. Fl. Class.: 204 (1845).
- Silybum leucanthum Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov. 2: 83 (1868).
- Silybum intermedium Willk., Index Seminum (TU, Dorpatensis) 1869: 6 (1869).
- Silybum marianum var. longispinum Lamotte, Prodr. Fl. Plat. Centr. 2: 424 (1881).
- Mariacantha maculosa Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 2: 150 (1899).
- Silybum marianum var. albiflorum Eig, Bull. Inst. Agric. Nat. Hist. Tel-Aviv 6: 44 (1927).
- Silybum marianum subsp. anatolicum Meriçli, Istanbul Üniv. Eczac. Fak. Mecm. 19: 60 (1983).

Hybrids

Silybum × gonzaloi Cantó, Sánchez Mata & Rivas Mart.

Distribution

Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
- Regional: Northern Europe
  - Denmark, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden (introduced).
- Regional: Middle Europe
  - Austria, Belgium (introduced), Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands (introduced), Poland, Switzerland (introduced).
- Regional: Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain.
- Regional: Southeastern Europe
  - Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
- Regional: Eastern Europe
  - Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine.
Continental: Africa
- Regional: Northern Africa
  - Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara.
- Regional: Macaronesia
  - Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira.
- Regional: Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Ethiopia.
- Regional: Southern Africa
  - Cape Provinces, Northern Provinces (introduced).
Continental: Asia-Temperate
- Regional: Siberia
  - West Siberia (introduced).
- Regional: Russian Far East
  - Primorye (introduced).
- Regional: Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan.
- Regional: Caucasus
  - North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.
- Regional: Western Asia
  - Afghanistan, Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Turkey.
- Regional: Arabian Peninsula
  - Gulf States, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Yemen.
- Regional: China
  - China South-Central, Hainan, Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, China North-Central, Qinghai, China Southeast, Tibet, Xinjiang (introduced).
- Regional: Eastern Asia
  - Korea, Taiwan (introduced).
Continental: Asia-Tropical
- Regional: Indian Subcontinent
  - India, Pakistan, West Himalaya.
- Regional: Indo-China
  - Thailand, Vietnam (introduced).
- Regional: Malesia
  - Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera (introduced).
Continental: Australasia
- Regional: Australia
  - Norfolk Islands, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia (introduced).
- Regional: New Zealand
  - Chatham Islands, New Zealand North, New Zealand South (introduced).
Continental: Northern America (introduced)
- Regional: Western Canada
  - Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan.
- Regional: Eastern Canada
  - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec.
- Regional: Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado, Oregon, Washington.
- Regional: North-Central U.S.A.
  - Illinois, Oklahoma, Wisconsin.
- Regional: Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut, Indiana, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia.
- Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
  - Arizona, California, Nevada.
- Regional: South-Central U.S.A.
  - New Mexico, Texas.
- Regional: Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia.
- Regional: Mexico
  - Mexico Southeast.
Continental: Southern America (introduced)
- Regional: Northern South America
  - Venezuela.
- Regional: Western South America
  - Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
- Regional: Brazil
  - Brazil West-Central, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil North, Brazil South.
- Regional: Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast, Argentina South, Argentina Northwest, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, Juan Fernández Islands, Paraguay, Uruguay.
Continental: Antarctic (introduced)
- Regional: Subantarctic Islands
  - Falkland Islands.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2^nd Edition

References

Primary references

Gaertner, J. 1790–1792 ["1791"]. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Volumen alterum, continens seminum centurias quinque posteriores cum tabulis aeneis CI. LII + 520 pp., tt. 80–180. Typis Guilielmi Henrici Schrammii, Tubingae [Tübingen]. BHL Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2023. Silybum marianum in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2023 May 17. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2023. Silybum marianum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 17 May 2023.
International Plant Names Index. 2023. Silybum marianum. Published online. Accessed: 17 May 2023.
Hassler, M. 2023. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Silybum marianum. Accessed: 17 May 2023.
Euro+Med 2006 onwards: Silybum marianum in Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published online. Accessed: 2023 May 17.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Silybum marianum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names

čeština: ostropestřec mariánský
Deutsch: Mariendistel
Ελληνικά: Γαϊδουράγκαθο
English: Blessed milkthistle, holy thistle, variegated thistle
español: Cardo mariano
suomi: Maarianohdake
français: Chardon-Marie
עברית: גדילן מצוי
magyar: máriatövis, őszbogáncs, szamárkóró, boldogasszony tövise
日本語: マリアアザミ
lietuvių: Margainis
Nederlands: Mariadistel
occitan: Cardet marian
polski: ostropest plamisty
slovenčina: pestrec mariánsky
svenska: Mariatistel
Türkçe: Devedikeni

For more multimedia, look at Silybum marianum on Wikimedia Commons.